1. Tools of a Biologist

2. Microscopes: number one tool of a biologist
Small -to view
Function:
microscope are instruments used to view very small objects.
In biology we will use it to view….
living cells and unicellular organisms.

3. Compound Light Microscope
Eyepiece/Ocular lens
X10
Nose tube
Arm
Revolving nose piece
Objective lenses
Stage
Low: shortest/red/x4
Medium: med/yellow/x10 High: longest/blue/x40
Course Adjustment knob
Stage clips
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment knob
Light
Base

4. There are 3 types of microscopes used in biology:
1. Compound light microscope
-Compound-
look through 2 lenses at the same time in order to properly magnify the organism.

5. Total magnification: low power: ocular lens x10 low objective x4
x40
medium power:
med objective x10
x100
high power:
high objective x40
x400

6. Compound light microscope:
-light must pass through the
diaphragm and through the
object.
-object must be “thin” or
transparent so the light can
pass through it.
-Diaphragm:
regulates the amount of light that can pass through.
-Best setting of the diaphragm is #2

8. Staining The purpose is to:
add color to a cell so that the cell and its structures can be seen more clearly through a microscope.

9. Limit of Resolution
-is the point at which you see an item most clearly.
Any magnification above or below that point will results in the object looking blurry.

10. Type 2: Stereoscope
-Used to view the surface of objects which are too large for light to pass through them.
-Uses 2 lights to illuminate the surface of the object.
-Stereo means
“3 dimensional”
-Provides a 3-D detailed look at the surface of an object.

12. -look through
2 ocular lenses
-magnifies between x10 to x60

13. Type 3: Electron Microscopes
Uses electrons to form an image and NOT light
Has a very high limit of resolution.
-can see items very clearly at any magnification
-can magnify up to 500,000x and still be clear
Object is placed in a vacuum
No air
No oxygen
Organism is DEAD

14. Two types of electron microscopes:
1. T.E.M. ~ Transmission Electron Microscope
Produces a 2-D, black and white image of inside of a cell.

16. 2. S.E.M. ~ Scanning Electron Microscope
Produces a 3-D, black and white image of the surface of an object.

17. Review of the tools biologist use:
Microscope used to:
-view very small living things like cells
Staining used to:
-add color to transparent objects so we can see them better
Graphing used to:
-analyze data collected in a picture form

18. Additional tool of a biologist:
Chrom means= Graph means=
-color -picture
There for chromatography means: a “color picture”
Tool used to separate the components of a mixture by their different densities.
Chromatography:

19. It is used by scientist to:
To separate the different substances that make up a mixture
What is a mixture?
-two or more substances combined together but each substance retains its own properties

20. What is the job of chloroplast?

22. Get separated by the substances different densities therefore the travel different distances.

23. Least dense-traveled the furthest up the paper
MOST. dense- traveled the least distance up the paper

24. Did he change his 3’s into 8’s?
DID PETE CHEAT???
Did he change his 3’s into 8’s?