1. The Science of Biology
Chapter 1
Pages

2. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
The goal of science is to _________ and _________ the natural world, to explain events in the _____________, and to use those explanations to make useful _____________.
What does scientific thinking usually being with?
What is an observation?
What do observations generally involve?
What is the information gathered from observation called?
Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data.
___ __________ is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience.
Refer to figure 1-3 on page 4. Based on the information in the last paragraph on page 4 and the figure caption, in your own words, explain why scientists check only small amounts of this water to test for lead pollution.
A _____________ is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

3. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Scientists evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of hypotheses and must be open-minded to consider new hypotheses (other than their original) if data demands it.
If a scientist formulates a hypothesis about an observation (the sky is blue because it reflects the ocean’s color), he/she must then test this hypothesis in a lab using instrumentation, data collection and calculation. If said scientist discovers, through advanced experimental procedure, that qualitative and quantitative data does not support this hypothesis (because refractory indices do not correlate), this person must re-evaluate and form a new hypothesis. For example, a new hypothesis might be “the sky is blue due to refraction of the atmosphere and the visible light radiation from the sun”.
Should communities produce electricity using fossil fuels, nuclear power or hydroelectric dams?
Explain why you believe this and give anecdotal evidence as to why you chose this type of energy source.

4. HOW SCIENTISTS WORK
The idea that life can arise from nonliving matter is known as __________________________. In 1668, another idea was proposed based on an experiment using flies, meat and jars. Review your text on pages 8 and 9 and explain the experimental work of Francesco Redi. He proposed that because the jars of meat were covered so that flies could not access them, no maggots were on the meat. Thus, disproving the idea of spontaneous generation.
A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only ____________________ is changed at a time while all other variables are unchanged. What type of experiment is this?
What are the variables in Redi’s meat experiment?
Scientists use data from an experiment to evaluate the hypothesis and draw valid ____________.
What is a key assumption in science about experimental results?
Who discovered a world of tiny moving objects in rainwater, pond water and dust?
Who tested Redi’s experiment using heat? What happened to his flasks after boiling? (note – one of his flasks was left to open air, the other was sealed to open air).
Louis Pasteur ultimately disproved spontaneous generation.

5. WHAT IS SCIENCE?

6. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
A theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.

7. STUDYING LIFE
Biology is the science that employs the scientific method to study living things. Greek “bios” = life & “-logy” = study of.
Characteristics of all living things:
Are made up of units called cells
Reproduce
Are based on a universal genetic code
Grow and develop
Obtain and use materials and energy
Respond to their environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
As a group, change over time
Be sure that you can articulate an example of each of the above 8 characteristics of all living things as you will see these again on upcoming assessments. Take a moment to write down some ideas on these biological principles.
IE, we respond to our environment and maintain a stable internal environment by sweating when we get hot. We grow and develop with each passing year. We all have specific genes that we inherit from our parents.

8. STUDYING LIFE

9. FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS, REFER TO PAGES 16 & 17.
STUDYING LIFE
FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS, REFER TO PAGES 16 & 17.
What is the smallest unit of an organism that can be considered alive?
Over many __________, groups of organisms change over time. This is also known as _____________.
All organisms store complex info needed to live, grow and reproduce in a molecule called ______.
Organisms keep internal conditions as constant as possible – this is called ______________.
When a cell divides and undergoes ____________, they look different from each other and perform different functions.
Distinguish between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
What is a stimulus? (plural = stimuli)
The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials is called _________________.

10. STUDYING LIFE Levels at which life can be studied include: Molecules
Cells
Organisms
Populations of a single organism
Communities of different organisms
The biosphere
Molecules such as water and DNA are essential to life
Cells are the smallest functional unit of life
Groups of cells are tissues, organs and organ systems
An organism is an individual living thing
A population is a group of organisms of ONE TYPE that live in the same area
A community consists of populations that live together in a defined area
An ecosystem is a community and its nonliving surroundings
The biosphere is the part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems

11. STUDYING LIFE

12. STUDYING LIFE WHAT DO YOU THINK?
What is the smallest level of biological organization?
What is the largest level of biological organization?
How is homeostasis maintained?
Suppose you feel hungry and you grab a peach from a peach bowl. How are external and internal stimuli involved in your action?
Give two examples of how humans maintain homeostasis on a daily basis.
For the two examples above, explain “why” these events are necessary for maintaining homeostasis.
Give two examples of how your pet maintains homeostasis on a daily basis.
Give one example of a reptile maintaining homeostasis.

13. TOOLS AND PROCEDURES
Scientists use the metric system to collect data and perform experiments.
Microscopes are devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
We will consider four types of microscopes:
Light microscopes
Compound light microscopes
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
Which of the four above is the “weakest” of the microscopes?
Which of the four above run a narrow bean of electrons back and forth acorss the SURFACE of a specimen?
Which of the four above shine a beam of electrons through a thin specimen?
_____________ allow light to pass through a specimen and use two lenses to form an image.

14. TOOLS AND PROCEDURES

15. TOOLS AND PROCEDURES
A cell culture starts out as a single group of cells and becomes a colony that is grown on a nutrient agar in a petri dish in a microbiology laboratory.
Why are cell cultures important to human society?
During cell fractionation, the cells are broken into pieces. Cell bits are added to a liquid and placed in a tube. Tube is then inserted into a centrifuge that spins the cellular sample. This causes the parts of the cell to separate with dense parts settling near the bottom. Finally, different parts of the cell can be studied and examined for data, analysis and further study.
What kinds of things might a cell biologist, a biochemist or a geneticist study from cell fractionation?

16. TOOLS AND PROCEDURES

17. TOOLS AND PROCEDURES