1. Module 50
Schizophrenia

2. Schizophrenia – break with reality (psychosis)
- lifetime prevalence 1%
Symptoms
Delusions - false beliefs despite clear evidence to the contrary
- delusions of control.
- delusions of grandeur.
delusions of reference
delusions of persecution

3. Hallucinations - seeing and hearing things that are not there.
Disorded Thoughts - unusual associations
Flat Affect or Inappropriate Emotions and Action

4. Subtypes
Paranoid Type
- delusions of persecution
- well organized delusions
Disorganised Type
- speech disorganisation (word salads)
- poorly developed delusions

5. Catatonic Schizophrenia
Motor symptoms
Waxy inflexibility - remain in same position
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

6. Statistics

7. Causes of Schizophrenia
- genetics
- triggered by environmental factors (illness,
stress)
Dopamine Over activity
Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy
Amphetamine Psychosis - drugs that increase dopamine (amphetamines, cocaine, angel dust) increase symptoms in schizophrenics and produce symptoms in normals.

8. Personality Disorders
Module 51
Personality Disorders

9. Personality Disorders
- stable (long-term)
- extreme personality characteristics
- impair functioning and/or social relationships
Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders
Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal
Disordered Thought Patterns
- genetically linked to schizophrenia
- no psychosis

10. Paranoid Personality Disorders
Feel “everyone and everything is out to get them”.
- misinterpret situations in line with this paranoia
- intensifies under stress
- May act on these feelings.
Treatment - Cognitive Therapy to increase self-
efficacy for dealing with problems.
- does not challenge paranoid beliefs.

11. Cluster B - Dramatic-Emotional
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
Impulsive and Dramatic
Show little regard for their own safety of others
Total lack of concern for others

12. Antisocial Personality Disorders (Psychopath)
-often appear very charming
- no remorse or feelings of responsibility for
actions.
- don’t learn from punishment
- impulsive, risk takers, aggressive
- often have problems with the law
- stalker, violent crimes
2 to 3 % of the population
80% are men.

13. Borderline Personality Disorder
- cling to others, overly possessive.
- short-term stormy relationships
- act impulsively
- prone to self-destruction
- drinking, drug abuse, self-mutilation,
reckless driving and suicide
75% are female.
Childhood sexual abuse may play a role
Main cause is biological!

14. Cluster C Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders
Avoidant, Dependant, Obsessive-Compulsive
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Rigid behavior, perfectionists, dogmatic &
emotionally blocked.
- This cluster treated with behavioral Therapy