1. Rhetoric
The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion--Aristotle

2. Key elements of Rhetoric
Listen to Lou Gehrig’s speech
Why is this an effective speech?
Context=the occasion or the time and place it was written or spoken
Purpose=goal that the speaker or writer wants to achieve.

3. The Rhetorical Triangle
Also called the Aristotelian triangle
You might think the identity of the speaker in your own writing is obvious, but that’s not necessarily so. Writers often assume what Aristotle called a “persona”-the character the speaker creates when he or she writes or speaks—depending on the context, purpose, subject and audience.

4. Ethos
Ethos=character, to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy
The speaker’s ethos—expertise and knowledge, experience, training, sincerity or a combination of these—gives the audience a reason for listening.
Ethics--morals

5. Logos Appeals to reason, by offering clear, rational ideas.
Means having a clear main idea or thesis with specific details, examples, facts, stats, data or expert testimony as support.
Another way to appeal to logos is to acknowledge a counterargument—anticipating objections or opposing views
Concede that the opposing may be true, but then you deny (refute) the validity of all or part of the argument.

6. Pathos Appeal to emotions
Although writing relies exclusively on emotional appeals is rarely effective in the long term, choosing language ( such as figurative language or personal anecdotes) that engages the emotions of the audience can add an important dimension
Usually include vivid, concrete description and figurative language.

7. Practice
Go to the Gun article and highlight the appeal (s) the author uses.

8. Visual Rhetoric Visual texts, like political cartoons. Often satiric
Look at Rosa Parks cartoon

9. Assignment
Analyze a political cartoon in terms of the rhetorical triangle and its appeals to logos, pathos, and ethos
As part of your analysis of audience note where the cartoon first appeared and describe that source’s political leanings.
Bring to class

10. Rhetoric from Literature
Rhetoric is by no means limited to nonfiction
Listen to example from The Iliad

11. Arrangement
Another element of rhetoric is the organization of a piece, what classical rhetoricians called arrangement.
When analyzing a text, consider how the essay and its individual paragraphs or sections are arranged.

12. The Classical Model
The introduction-one or more paragraphs that draw the readers into the text by piquing their interest, challenging them or otherwise getting their attention
The narration-provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.

13. Classical Cont’d
The confirmation-usually the major part of the text, includes the development or the proof needed to make the writer’s case—nuts and bolts of the essay—generally the strongest appeals are to logos.
The refutation- which addresses the counterargument-bridge between writer’s proof and conclusion

14. Classic Cont’d
The conclusion-whether it is one paragraph or several—brings the essay to a satisfying close. Here the writer usually appeals to pathos and reminds the reader of the ethos established earlier

15. Assignment
Look at Crack Dealer article and apply the rhetorical triangle, appeals and arrangement.

16. Patterns of Development
Narration
Description
Process Analysis
Exemplification
Comparison and Contrast
Classification and Division
Definition
Cause and Effect

17. Assignment Read the following 4 texts about Princess Diana’s death
Explain the purpose of each text and how the interaction of speaker, audience and subject affects the text
Consider how effective each text is in achieving its purpose