1. Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University
Philip Tate Phoenix College
Chapter 06
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue
Chapter 6
Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

3. Skeletal System Functions
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production

4. Hyaline Cartilage Consists of specialized cells that produce matrix
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
Perichondrium
Articular cartilage
Growth
Appositional
Interstitial

5. Bone Shapes Long Short Flat Irregular Upper and lower limbs
Carpals and tarsals
Flat
Ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae
Irregular
Vertebrae, facial

6. Long Bone Structure Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate
Shaft
Compact bone
Epiphysis
End of the bone
Cancellous bone
Epiphyseal plate
Growth plate
Epiphyseal line
Bone stops growing in length

7. Long Bone Structure Medullary cavity Periosteum Sharpey’s fibers
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Periosteum
Outer bone surface
Sharpey’s fibers
Attachment
Endosteum
Lines bone cavities

8. Flat, Short, Irregular Bones
Flat Bones
No diaphyses, epiphyses
Sandwich of cancellous between compact bone
Short and Irregular Bone
Compact bone that surrounds cancellous bone center
No diaphyses and not elongated

9. Bone Histology Bone matrix Bone cells
Organic: Collagen and proteoglycans
Inorganic: Hydroxapatite
Bone cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Stem cells or osteochondral progenitor cells
Woven bone: Collagen fibers randomly oriented
Lamellar bone: Mature bone in sheets
Cancellous bone: Trabeculae
Compact bone: Dense

10. Bone Matrix

11. Bone Cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
Formation of bone through ossification or osteogenesis
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Lacunae: Spaces
Canaliculi: Canals
Osteoclasts
Responsible for bone resorption

12. Woven and Lamellar Bone
Woven bone
Formed
During fetal development
During fracture repair
Remodeling
Removing old bone and adding new
Lamellar bone
Mature bone in sheets called lamellae

13. Cancellous Bone
Consists of trabeculae
Oriented along lines of stress

14. Compact Bone Central or haversian canals: Parallel to long axis
Lamellae: Concentric, circumferential, interstitial
Osteon or haversian system: Central canal, contents, associated concentric lamellae and osteocytes
Perforating or Volkmann’s canal: Perpendicular to long axis

15. Bone Development Intramembranous ossification
Takes place in connective tissue membrane
Endochondral ossification
Takes place in cartilage
Both methods of ossification
Produce woven bone that is then remodeled
After remodeling, formation cannot be distinguished as one or other

16. Intramembranous Ossification

17. Endochondral Ossification

18. Endochondral Ossification

19. Endochondral Ossification

20. Growth in Bone Length Appositional growth Epiphyseal plate zones
New bone on old bone or cartilage surface
Epiphyseal plate zones
Resting cartilage
Proliferation
Hypertrophy
Calcification

21. Growth in Bone Length

22. Growth in Bone Width

23. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Nutrition
Vitamin D
Necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines
Insufficient causes rickets and osteomalacia
Vitamin C
Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts
Deficiency results in scurvy
Hormones
Growth hormone from anterior pituitary
Thyroid hormone required for growth of all tissues
Sex hormones as estrogen and testosterone

24. Bone Remodeling Coverts woven bone into lamellar bone
Bone constantly removed by osteoclasts and new bone formed by osteoblasts

25. Bone Repair

26. Calcium Homeostasis

27. Calcium Homeostasis
Bone is the major storage site for calcium in the body
Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone
Calcium moves out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone
When osteoclast and osteoblast activity is balanced, the movement of calcium in and out is equal

28. Effects of Aging on Skeletal System
Bone Matrix decreases
Bone Mass decreases
Increased bone fractures
Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness
Stooped posture
Loss of teeth

29. Bone Fractures