1. Chapter one
Exploring Life

2. Inquiring About Life
An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the result of evolution
For example, the ghost plant is adapted to conserving water; this helps it to survive in the crevices of rock walls
Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth
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3. Biology is the scientific study of life
Life is recognized by what living things do
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4. Living things share 8 characteristics/ Properties:
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Every organism is composed of at least one cell.
1.) single-celled or unicellular
2.) many-celled or multicellular

5. b. There are two broad categories of cells:
prokaryotic—no organized nucleus nor membrane bound organelles; found in bacteria and cyanobacteria
eukaryotic—do have an organized nucleus and membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. All other organisms such as plants and animals have this kind of cell.

6. Living things reproduce.
There are two basic kinds of reproduction:
Asexual—only one parent and all offspring are identical; for example, binary fission of bacteria or amoebas.
Sexual—two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.

8. Living things are based on a universal genetic code (DNA).
The directions for inheritance are found in deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.
The genetic code is basically the same for all organisms on Earth.
Human – human – 99%
Human – banana – 60%

9. Living things grow and develop.
For single-celled organisms, growth is mostly an increase in size.
Multicellular organisms go through a process called development, where cells divide and differentiate into different kinds of cells.

11. Life Requires Energy Transfer and Transformation
A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their use of energy to carry out life’s activities
Work, including moving, growing, and reproducing, requires a source of energy
Living organisms transform energy from one form to another
For example, light energy is converted to chemical energy, then kinetic energy
Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat
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12. Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is called metabolism.
Autotrophs (also called producers)—plants, most algae, and some bacteria obtain their energy directly from the sun through photosynthesis.

13. Cycling of chemical nutrients
Figure 1.5
Sunlight
Leaves absorb light energy from the sun.
Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen.
CO2 O2
Cycling of chemical nutrients
Figure 1.5 Interactions of an African acacia tree with other organisms and the physical environment.
Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Leaves fall to the ground and are decomposed by organisms that return minerals to the soil.
Water and minerals in the soil are taken up by the tree through its roots.

14. c) Heterotrophs (also called consumers)—most other organisms, rely on the energy stored during photosynthesis.
Herbivores—eat plants and other photosynthesizing organisms
Carnivores—eat the herbivores or other carnivores
Omnivores—eat both plants and animals
Decomposers—such as bacteria and fungi; obtain energy from the remains of organisms that have died

15. (b) Using energy to do work
Figure 1.6b
Heat
When energy is used to do work, some energy is converted to thermal energy, which is dissipated as heat.
An animal’s muscle cells convert chemical energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion.
A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do work such as growing new leaves.
Figure 1.6 Energy flow in an ecosystem.
(b) Using energy to do work

17. Living things respond to their environment.
Organisms detect and respond to stimuli from their environment.
A stimulus is a signal to which an organism responds.
External stimuli include temperature and light.
Internal stimuli come from within, such as blood sugar level or feeling thirsty.

18. Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
Even though external environmental conditions may vary widely, most organisms must keep internal conditions, such as temperature and water content, fairly constant.
Maintaining a stable internal environment is called homeostasis (Greek, same condition).

19. : Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems
Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to self-regulate
Negative feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced
Positive feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced
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20. Figure 1.13 Regulation by feedback mechanisms.
Negative feedback
Enzyme 1 B D
Enzyme 2
Excess D blocks a step. D D C C
Enzyme 3 D
(a) Negative feedback W
Enzyme 4
Figure 1.13 Regulation by feedback mechanisms. X
Positive feedback 
Enzyme 5
Excess Z stimulates a step. Z Y Z Z
Enzyme 6 Z
(b) Positive feedback

21. Taken as a group, living things change over time (living things evolve).
Plants have adapted to living in dry and hot deserts.
Fossils of ancient organisms can be used to show how organisms have changed over time.

22. New Properties Emerge at Each Level in the Biological Hierarchy
Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet
The study of life can be divided into different levels of biological organization
Figure 1.4
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23. The biosphere Tissues Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Communities
Figure 1.4
The biosphere
Tissues
Ecosystems
Organs and
organ systems
Communities
Figure 1.4 Exploring: Levels of Biological Organization
Cells
Organelles
Organisms
Atoms
Molecules
Populations

24. Biological systems are much more than their biological parts
Emergent properties
Result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Ex. Photosynthesis in a test tube vs in a chloroplast
Thoughts and memories are emergent properties of a complex network of nerves
Reductionism
Is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
For example, studying the molecular structure of DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of inheritance

25. Systems Biology
A system is a combination of components that function together.
Systems biology constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
The systems approach poses questions such as
How does a drug for blood pressure affect other organs?
How does increasing CO2 alter the biosphere?
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26. Structure and Function Are Correlated at All
Structure and Function Are Correlated at All Levels of Biological Organization
Structure and function of living organisms are closely related
For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the capture of light by chloroplasts
For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is adapted to flight
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27. The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function
The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life
All cells
Are enclosed by a membrane
Use DNA as their genetic information
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28. Genes control protein production indirectly DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

29. Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
Evolution makes sense of everything we know about biology
Organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors
Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity in living organisms
Similar traits among organisms are explained by descent from common ancestors
Differences among organisms are explained by the accumulation of heritable changes
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30. Classifying the Diversity of Life
Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million
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31. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth
Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest units of classification
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32. Carolus von Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Binomial Nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
The scientific name is always written in italics.
The first word is capitalized, and the second word is lowercased.
Carolus von Linnaeus ( )

33. Kingdom Phylum Class Genus Species
There are seven levels, or taxons, in the system of classification:
Kingdom
Largest and most inclusive group of closely related phyla
Phylum
group of closely related Classes
Class
group of similar Orders
Order
group of similar Families
Family
group of Genera that share characteristics
Genus
group of closely related species and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
Species
group of similar organisms that breed & produce fertile offspring

34. Ursus americanus (American black bear)
Figure 1.14
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus americanus (American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Figure 1.14 Classifying life.
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya

35. The Six-Kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms:
Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

36. The Six-Kingdoms fall into categories called domains
The Six-Kingdoms fall into categories called domains. Domains are made up of certain kingdoms.
Bacteria: eubacteria
Archaea: archaebacteria
Eukarya: protists, fungi, plants, and animals

37. (a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea (c) Domain Eukarya 2 m 2 m
Figure 1.15
(a) Domain Bacteria
(b) Domain Archaea
2 m
2 m
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
100 m
Figure 1.15 The three domains of life.
Kingdom Plantae
Protists
Kingdom Fungi

38. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
Fossils and other evidence document the evolution of life on Earth over billions of years
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors
Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”
Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity
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39. Darwin’s Observations
Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable
More offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable
Species generally suit their environment
Darwin inferred that
Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits
Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals
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40. Darwin called this process natural selection
In other words, the environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits
Darwin called this process natural selection
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41. Population with varied inherited traits 2
Figure 1.20 1
Population with varied inherited traits 2
Elimination of individuals with certain traits 3
Reproduction of survivors 4
Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success
Figure 1.20 Natural selection.

42. The Tree of Life
“Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with modification”
For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and horse and the whale flipper all share a common skeletal architecture
Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification
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43. Cactus-flower- eaters
Figure 1.22
Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea
Warbler finches
Insect-eaters
COMMON ANCESTOR
Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis
Seed-eater
Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris
Bud-eater
Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida
Tree finches
Insect-eaters
Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris
Figure 1.22 Descent with modification: adaptive radiation of finches on the Galápagos Islands.
Cactus-flower- eaters
Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens
Ground finches
Seed-eaters
Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris

44. Concept 1.3: In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypotheses
The word science is derived from Latin and means “to know”
Inquiry is the search for information and explanation
The scientific process includes making observations, forming logical hypotheses, and testing them
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45. Types of Data
Data are recorded observations or items of information; these fall into two categories
Qualitative data, or descriptions rather than measurements
For example, Jane Goodall’s observations of chimpanzee behavior
Quantitative data, or recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs
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46. Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed by Science
A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
For example, a hypothesis that ghosts fooled with the flashlight cannot be tested
Supernatural and religious explanations are outside the bounds of science
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47. Figure 1.24 A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry.
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing bulb will fix problem
Figure 1.24 A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry.
Test of prediction
Test of prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis

48. Theories in Science In the context of science, a theory is
Broader in scope than a hypothesis
General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis
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49. Science, Technology, and Society
The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena
The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose
Science and technology are interdependent
Biology is marked by “discoveries,” while technology is marked by “inventions”
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50. The combination of science and technology has dramatic effects on society
For example, the discovery of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick allowed for advances in DNA technology such as testing for hereditary diseases
Ethical issues can arise from new technology, but have as much to do with politics, economics, and cultural values as with science and technology
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