1. 4/13 Objective
Today, we will examine the different types of mutations and how they are manifested in genes so that we will link mutations as a source of evolution and genetic variation in populations.

2. Brown snakes (AAT-TTA-CCG-TTC)
Situation 1: Snakes on a plain (not a plane  )
Brown snakes (AAT-TTA-CCG-TTC)
Our setting is the plains of the Midwest so let’s say Kansas. There is a community of brown snakes that live in Kansas. The genes of the brown snake is given to you.

3. Situation 1:
Here are the brown snakes on the plain. Make some observations about the brown snakes.

4. A DNA base gets switched, new trait!!! Green snakes (AAT-TTA-CCG-TTG)
In the next generation of snakes, a DNA base gets switched. The new genes make a new trait! Now green snakes are produced.

5. Tons of brown snakes, only 1 green snake!

6. Tons of green snakes, only 2 brown snakes!
Over time, the green snakes take over and begin to reproduce. Now there are tons of green snakes and only two brown snakes.

7. Will green snakes always be better than brown snakes?!
Yes, in the green plains,the green snakes blend in so they will not be attacked by predators.

8. EEK! There’s an extreme drought!

9. Now brown is better!
Now the brown snakes survive and continue to reproduce because there is a drought and they blend in better with the environment. As you can see organisms change over time to better survive in their environment. You have all changed since entering high school in 9th grade. You now how to survive in high school.

10. Answer your assigned question with your classmates.
1. What makes a trait better than other traits?
2. Why does survivability lead to an increase of a trait in a population?
3. How do new traits arise?
4. What happens to good traits?
5. What happens to bad traits?
If it helps you survive and reproduce
If you survive longer, you have a better chance of reproducing and passing on the trait
Randomly through reproduction
They increase in gene frequency
They decrease in gene frequency

11. 4/14 Daily Catalyst Pg. 52 Mutations
1. List one similarity and one difference between DNA and RNA.
2. How do we code for thousands of proteins with only 20 amino acids?
3. True or false, In DNA, a codon is three bases. In RNA, a codon is two bases since Thymine is missing from RNA.

12. 4/14 Class Business Pg. 52 Mutations
Quiz #12 DNA on Friday
DNA test 4/21
Study guide due test
Review day on 4/20
DNA Extraction lab on Wednesday
Be here! Labs are test grades!
In-class project on Tuesday
Test grade! Be here!
Interims come out this week
Signed for extra credit
Parent Night on Thursday 6-7:30
Extra Credit

13. 4/14 Agenda Pg. 52 Mutations Daily Catalyst Class Business
Mutation notes
Gel Electrophoresis
Project work time
Homework: mutations worksheet

14. 4/14 Objective
Today, we will examine the different types of mutations and how they are manifested in genes so that we will link mutations as a source of evolution and genetic variation in populations.

15. Mutations
Key Point #1:
A mutation is a random change in the sequence of DNA.
Traits, like hair color and eye color
Give me an example of a DNA sequence: GG T ATCG
This is how new traits arise- random changes in DNA

16. Examples of mutations
As add or delete bases, this changes the protein we are making if we start to change proteins we will be changing what we look like!

17. Substitution Mutation
Key Point #2: Substitution (Point)
Substituting one base for another base
Example: AUG GGC
Mutation: ACG GGC

18. Substitution Mutation
Example: AUG GGC
Amino Acids: Methionine - Glycine
Mutation: ACG GGC
Amino Acids: Threonine – Glycine
Not a huge effect

19. Substitution Mutation
Example: AUU GGC
Amino Acids: Isoleucine - Glycine
Mutation: AUA GGC
Amino Acids: Isoleucine – Glycine
Key Point #2: Substitution mutations aka silent mutations because the same amino acid was coded for.

20. Insertion Mutation Key Point #3: Insertion Example: AUG UGG
Inserting an additional base
Shifts the codons
Example: AUG UGG
Mutation: AAU GUG G

21. Insertion Mutation Example: AUG GGC Amino Acids: Methionine - Glycine
Mutation: AAU GUG G
Amino Acids: Asparagine - Valine
This is an example of a mutation that does have a devastating effect

22. Deletion Mutation Key Point #4: Deletion Example: AUG GGC
Deleting a base
Shifts the codons
Example: AUG GGC
Mutation: AGG GC ?

23. Deletion Mutation Example: AUG GGC Amino Acids: Methionine - Glycine
Mutation: AGG GC_
Amino Acids: Arginine - __?____
This is an example of a mutation that would have a devastating effect

24. Key Point #5: Insertions or deletions have a more devastating effect than substitution mutations.
Why??
The inserting or deleting of a nucleotide will SHIFT the codons and will code for completely different amino acids.
Different amino acids= different proteins!
Just like we saw in the previous examples

25. DNA RNA Protein Why does this matter?
Your DNA has instructions to make the proteins!!!!
What could possibly happen if you have the wrong amino acids????
RNA
Protein

26. Evolutionary connection to mutations
Key Point #6:
Mutations lead to your body producing different proteins.
new versions of traits (variation)!

27. Variation Examples
Quickness in gazelles.
Leaf Size for a tea plant

28. What can cause mutations?!
Key Point #:7
Mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations

29. What causes mutations?!

30. Remember! A mutation is a change in the sequence of DNA.
Mutations can be good, bad, or have no effect at all.
Mutations happen randomly!

31. If a base in your DNA gets switched, a _________________ occurred.
Tell me what ya know!
If a base in your DNA gets switched, a _________________ occurred.
TTT AGG
TTT CGG
MUTATION
mutation

32. Tell me what ya know!
Mutations in DNA lead to mutations in RNA which leads to making the wrong ________________________.
AMINO ACIDS/PROTEINS
proteins

33. Tell me what ya know! VARIATION What word does this picture show?
Changes in an organism to get a variety of tomatoes

34. Answer the following questions with a partner
What is the effect of a mutation at the DNA replication level?
If DNA has a mutation then RNA will have a mutation then the wrong amino acids will be made
List 3 mutagens you are exposed to everyday.
Air pollution, car pollution, water pollution, and cigarette smoking

35. Spiderman Practice Time
Directions: Answer the spider man mutation worksheet using your notes and textbook as a guide.
Time: 15 minutes
Noise: 1 (with partner)

36. Exit Ticket #9 Mutations
Name: ___________ Date: 4/14 Period: 1 Score ______/4
1. Define mutations.
2. Are all mutations bad?
3. Mutations can lead to an increase in ______________.
4. What causes mutations?

37. Exit Ticket #9 Mutations
Name: ___________ Date: 4/14 Period: 1 Score ______/4
1. Define mutations.
A random change in DNA
2. Are all mutations bad?
NO, some are helpful
3. Mutations can lead to an increase in ______________.
Variation
4. What causes mutations?
Mutagens