1. AP Biology
Class Expectations and important info. found on my Blackboard
Website Course Information, supplemental materials, AP test info go to
Online Powerponts/Notes and chapter reading guides go to my Blackboard

2. Course Expectations Signature Page & Safety Contracts due Tomorrow!!!

3. Course Break Down (Learning Objectives)
Big Idea 1: Evolution The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Cellular Processes: Energy and Communication Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Genetics and Information Transfer Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Interactions Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

4. AP Biology Test Monday, May 9
Multiple Choice (63 questions) & Grid-In (6 questions, math)
90 minutes
50%
Free Response (2 Long-FR, 6 Short-FR)
80 minutes + 10 minute reading period

5. AP Bio Binder  a must-have!
3-ring binder (2-inch or two smaller ones)
Loose-leaf paper
Calculator: 4 function and scientific
Graph Paper

6. Lab Safety Tour
Questions?

7. The Scientific Method & Experimental Design

8. What is Inquiry?
Begins with observations you make about the natural world, followed by a question.
What is causing that?
Use a variety of methods to answer the questions you raise
Lab & field investigations, models, simulations, data sets
Scientific method of investigation is cyclic, not linear…why?

10. The Scientific Method:
Make Observation
Statement of problem, ask a question
Hypothesis: propose a tentative answer
Design & conduct an experiment
(Use quantifiable data  math is extremely important)
Use statistical tests to evaluate the significance of your results
(Χ2 test, null hypothesis)
Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis.

12. Data Are recorded observations Can be quantitative or qualitative
Figure 1.24

13. The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry
In science, a hypothesis
Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial
Makes predictions that can be tested

14. We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
Test falsifies hypothesis
Figure 1.25
We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems

15. A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry
A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities
It must be testable
It must have the potential of being rejected
"No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, one single experiment can prove me wrong."
--- Albert Einstein.

16. AP Biology
Falsifiable
A hypothesis is falsifiable if you can design and perform and experiment to show you that it is wrong, if it is wrong (meaning, it can be tested).
EXAMPLES:
Falsifiable – Increasing the amount of water given to a plant will increase its growth
NOT Falsifiable –
Giving a plant more water will make it happier.
Inherently disprovable

17. Null Hypothesis
The premise that any observed differences are simply the result of random differences.
When quantified observations, or data, are collected, statistical methods are used to calculate the likelihood that the null hypothesis is correct.

18. Designing Controlled Experiments
In controlled experiments we start with two (or more) groups that are as similar as possible and we devise a method to manipulate only ONE variable.
Independent Variable =the variable that is manipulated
Dependent Variable = the response that is measured

19. Designing a Controlled Experiment
Labs, Inquiry, and Lab Reports are a HUGE part of AP Biology
At the start, you will be designing your own controlled experiments.
The control group doesn’t receive the independent variable!

20. AP Biology
Study of Life
Themes

21. Themes Science as a process of inquiry Evolution Energy transfer
AP Biology
Themes
Science as a process of inquiry
questioning & investigation
Evolution
Energy transfer
Continuity & Change
Relationship of structure to function
Regulation
Interdependence in nature
Science, technology & society

22. Science as a process of inquiry
AP Biology
Science as a process of inquiry

23. Science as a process of inquiry
AP Biology
Science as a process of inquiry
Built on repeatable observations & testable, falsifiable hypotheses

24. AP Biology
Evolution
Core theme of biology
Charles Darwin

25. Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.
AP Biology
Natural selection
Evolutionary change is a product of the process of natural selection
Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.

26. "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
AP Biology
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
Theodosius Dobzhansky: Integrating Genetics and Evolution
Theodosius Dobzhansky, a Russian geneticist who moved to the United States, provided laboratory evidence for natural selection and variation where previously there had been only field observation. Dobzhansky's work with Drosophila, or fruit flies, provided new evidence that supported Darwin's theory that natural selection, acting on genetic variation in populations, is a driving force in evolution.
-- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973
Geneticist, Columbia University
( )

27. Evolution explains unity & diversity
AP Biology
Evolution explains unity & diversity
Unity
what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist?
common biochemistry & physiology
evolutionary relationships
connected through common ancestor
Diversity
but why are there differences?
natural selection
adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments

28. AP Biology

29. Organizing systems Making sense out of the diversity
AP Biology
Organizing systems
Making sense out of the diversity
Hierarchical scheme
Eastern gray squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis

30. 3 Domains of Life Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
AP Biology
3 Domains of Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

31. Energy transfer Life is an open system need input of energy
AP Biology
Energy transfer
Life is an open system
need input of energy
energy flows through
energy comes in, energy goes out
need a constant input
need input of materials
nutrients are recycled around & around
nutrients
ENTROPY RULES!
DECOMPOSERS RULE, too!

32. You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy!
AP Biology
Energy utilization
You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy!

33. You can make more, a lot like you!
AP Biology
Continuity & change
Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA
DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next T R A I
You can make more, a lot like you!

34. Structure and function
AP Biology
Structure and function
The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology
organ
organism
cell
organelle

35. AP Biology
Regulation
Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions
Homeostasis
achieve this through feedback
monitor the body like a thermostat
turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

36. Interdependence in Nature
AP Biology
Interdependence in Nature
No organism is an island standing alone
communities, ecosystems

37. Science, technology & society
AP Biology
Science, technology & society
Science & technology must function within the rules of society
ethics

38. Why study themes of Biology?
AP Biology
Why study themes of Biology?
Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge
too much to memorize it all
need to generalize
create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge
themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms

39. Data Tables & Graphing Review

40. Working with DATA
When you work with data during an experiment, you need to:
Make accurate and precise measurements.
Account for error in measured values
Develop techniques and consistency for collecting data
Understand the units and properties of the data.
Make observations of trends and patterns in the data.
Produce visual representation of data, GRAPHS and CHARTS.

41. Working with Data Continued
When you work with data during an experiment, you need to:
Use mathematical equations to model data.
Use mathematical models to make predictions of trends.
Test the fitness of models using statistical tests.

42. What type of graph is best/most commonly used in scientific research?
LINE GRAPH!!!!

43. Introduction to Graphing Techniques

44. Introduction to Graphing Techniques
Identify the independent and dependent variable.
The independent variable is carefully controlled and varied by a specific amount during an experiment. It is plotted on the x-axis.
The dependent variable must be measured every time the independent variable is changed during the experiment. It is plotted on the y-axis.
Choose your scale carefully (must be consistent intervals). Make your graph as large as possible by spreading out the data on each axis. Let each square grid on your axis represent a convenient interval. Do not number every grid on your axis.
Plot each point as a dark dot

45. Intro to Graphing Techniques cont.
Label each axis with the name of the variable and the units of measure. Using a ruler, darken the lines representing the axis.
Use a pencil and a ruler when drawing the axis for your graph.
Title your graph. The title should be short and clearly state the purpose of the graph. The title could include the independent and dependent variables. General the titles are written as the y variable vs. the x variable.
Use a single sheet of graph paper for each graph. Do not use the back of a sheet graph paper.
If you have more than one graph, number each graph in the upper right-hand corner.

46. Introduction to Graphing Techniques

47. Introduction to Graphing Techniques
Examine the position of your data points. Observe the pattern the data forms on the graph.
From the pattern the data makes on the graph, determine the type of relationship between the x and y variables.
Most times it will be best to use a smooth continuous line called a “best fit” line.

48. Drawing a “best fit” line.
Your line should go through as many of the data points as possible. Use a ruler (if the line appears straight) and a sharp pencil to draw a best fit line.
When you draw your “best fit” line and the data points do not all fit on the line, draw the line so that there are equal numbers of data points above and below the line you draw. Try to draw the line so that it comes as close to all data points as possible.
This may result in a line that curves!
If it is logical for the data to go through the origin, take your best fit line all the way to the origin.
Draw your best fit line so that it goes a little past your last data point.

51. Direct Relationship

52. Inverse Relationship

54. Mini-Poster Requirements
Title
Abstract (one paragraph to sum up the entire lab experiment)
Introduction with primary question, background context, and hypothesis
Methodology (procedure)
Results, including graphs, tables, charts, & statistical analyses
Conclusions/Discussion, or your interpretations of your results based on your hypothesis
Literature cited