1. Unit 5 Cellular Energy

2. I. Enzymes (159)
There are countless numbers of chemical reactions occurring in every cell all the time. Virtually all of these reactions require the action of _______, catalytic __________. A catalyst _________a chemical reaction without being _______________________. An enzyme works by lowering the activation energy, that is the energy required to __________________.
enzymes
proteins
Speeds up
Used up in the reaction
Get the reaction going

3. Enzymes share four common features:
A. Enzymes work best within a narrow _____ and _____________ range. This is because of the importance of the ______ or ____________ of the enzyme. When the pH or temperature is altered, the _____________ and interactions are also changed, changing the shape of the enzyme. pH
temperature
shape
conformation
Chemical bonds

4. B. Enzymes do not make a reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much _________.
C. Enzymes are not ________________. The same enzyme may be used over and over again.
faster
Used up in the reaction

5. D. Enzymes are __________________. The substrate is the___________
D. Enzymes are __________________. The substrate is the___________. The substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme called the ____________. As the substrate fills the active site, this leads to a phenomenon known as __________, almost like a _________. It is this induced fit that is responsible for lowering the ________________of the reaction.
Substrate-specific
reactant
Active site
Induced fit
squeeze
Activation energy

8. Metabolism ( )
All chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as cell ______________
Metabolic pathways- series of chemical reactions in which the __________of one reaction is the ___________for the next reactions.
metabolism
product
reactant

9. 2 Types:
Release energy
A. Catabolic pathways- _____________by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
EX. Cellular Respiration- ______ molecules broken down to release _______ for cell to use.
B. Anabolic pathways- use the energy released by catabolic pathways ______________molecules from ______________ molecules.
EX. Photosynthesis- ______________from Sun is ______________ to ______________in form of glucose.
The relationship of anabolic & catabolic pathways results in the ________________________within an organism as well as within an ecosystem.
organic
energy
To build larger
smaller
Light energy
converted
Chemical energy
Continual flow of energy

11. III. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND LIFE (pp. 218-221)
A. Energy and Life
Energy is the ___________________. Cells require energy for ________ reactions, _____ transport,________, and maintaining ___________. We obtain energy from _____, but most energy originally comes from the sun. Plants are able to capture the sun’s energy and use it to produce glucose,________. This process, known as___________, occurs in the _________of plant cells.
Ability to do work
metabolic
active
Cell division
homeostasis
food
C6H12O6
photosynthesis
chloroplasts

12. The reaction for photosynthesis is:
______+______+__________________+_____
CO2
H2O
Energy
C6H12O6 O2

13. Plants and other organisms that can make their own food are known as ________________. Humans and
other organisms that have to obtain food are known as ______________. Although glucose is the preferred energy molecule for the cell, other ___________, _______, and _______ can also be broken down for energy.
autotrophs
heterotrophs
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

14. B. Chemical Energy
The chemical energy in food (and all molecules) is stored in the_____________. This is__________ energy. When the bonds are broken and the _________ are released, some energy is lost as ________, but a percentage of the potential energy can be converted to useable energy in the form of _____. Food molecules cannot be used as a direct energy source for the cell because food contains too much energy ... if it were released all at once, it would be _______ and ____________.
chemical bonds
potential
electrons
heat
ATP
wasteful
destructive

15. C. ATP ___________________is a __________ that is composed of:
___________ - nitrogen base
___________ - 5 carbon sugar
___________________Groups
Adenosine TriPhosphate
nucleotide
adenine
ribose
3 phosphate

17. ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate. Has 3 phosphate groups.
Energy is stored in __________________________. These “rechargeable batteries” are mostly present in the cell in two forms:
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate. Has 3 phosphate groups.
ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate. Has 2 phosphate groups.
Phosphate-phosphate bonds

18. _____ has the most phosphate bonds, and therefore contains the most ________ or stored energy.
Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a _________ group.
ATP
potential
phosphate

20. 1. Energy can be used when a ________ bond is _________
2. Energy is stored; that is, ATP is “recharged” by adding a phosphate group to ADP + P → ATP
*Under normal conditions, both of these processes are occurring at the same time and all the time in a cell*
phosphate
broken
ATP  ADP + P

21. REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS Unit 4
REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS Unit 4

22. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?
CO2 and H20

23. THE BIG PICTURE → sunlight Scientists discovered that in the
presence of _________, plants transform CO2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
sunlight
Carbon dioxide
WATER
Sugars
Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
6 CO2
6 H2O →
C6H12O6
6 O2
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O
SUGAR + 6O2

25. chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and , __________________
Carbon dioxide
In addition to water and ,
__________________
and
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy

26. Chloroplast Found mainly in the _______ of most plants
Disk-shaped organelles contain 2 main compartments
Thylakoids- flattened ____________________ that are arranged in stacks, this is where the light-dependent rxn take place here.
Grana- stacks of ____________
Stroma- __________________ that is outside the _______, this is where light-independent rxn takes place
leaves
saclike membranes
thylakoids
Fluid-filled spaces
grana

27. Pigments- light ___________colored molecules
absorbing
thylakoid
Found in __________ membranes
Different pigments absorb specific _____________ of light
___________- ______most strongly in the ____________ region of the visible light spectrum & __________ light in the ______ region of the spectrum. (Why leaves appears green to our eyes) More abundant than other pigments in leaves, thus hides the colors of the other pigments. Different types called __________________
wavelengths
Chlorophyll
absorb
Violet-blue
reflect
green
Chlorophyll a & b

28. Accessory pigments- allows plant to _______ different __________ of light energy
______________- _________in _______________region &________, __________________________ Ex. β – carotene
In fall production of ____________________slows down or stops, thus bringing out the colors of the accessory pigments.
absorb
wavelengths
Carotenoids
absorb
Blue & green
reflect
Yellow,
orange
& red
chlorophyll

30. colors Visible light is made up of many different
_______________of light
Your eyes “see”
different sizes of
waves as different
___________
wavelengths
colors

31. BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
REFLECTED
COLOR
Image modified from:

32. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the
When chlorophyll
absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule.
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS

33. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid
membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called _____________________
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
PHOTOSYSTEMS

34. LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS
Molecule that carries
= _______
Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
= ___________
ATP
NADP+
Images by Riedell

35. NADP ____________ is one of the carriers that cells use to transport
Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
NADP
____________ is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy electrons.
NADP+
________ + _____ + _____ → ____________
2 e- H+

36. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
Molecules are part of ________________
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP SYNTHASE
ATP
NADPH
H20
oxygen

37. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION
See an animation about the
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

38. CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________
(also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in _________ between thylakoids
NADPH donates _______________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________
to make __________
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
DOES NOT
LIGHT
STROMA
Hydrogen + electrons
ENERGY
Carbon & oxygen
GLUCOSE

39. Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
See Calvin cycle animation
Sugars and other compounds

40. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
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