1. Kingdom plantae

2. Characteristics of Plants
Multicellular
Have cell walls that contain cellulose
Autotrophic
Carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll

3. Plants Phylum Chlorophyta Phylum Bryophyta Phylum Tracheophyta
Green Algae
Phylum Bryophyta
Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts.
Phylum Tracheophyta
Vascular Plants
Subphylum Pteridophyta – Ferns
Subphylum Spermopsida – Seed Plants
Class Coniferae - Conifers
Class Angiospermae – Flowering Plants
Subclass Monocotyledone
Subclass Dicotyledone
Two other algae phylums: Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)

4. Photosynthesis
Plants use energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates.
Carbon dioxide from the air is used to make the carbohydrates
In the presence of light and through photosynthesis plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen.

5. Photosynthesis Equation

6. Pigments Pigments are colored substances that absorb or reflect light
In plants, the main pigment is chlorophyll
chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects light from the middle of the light spectrum

7. Stages of Photosynthesis
There are 2 stages in photosynthesis
Light reaction
Captures light energy to make energy storing compounds (NADPH & ATP)
Dark reaction
Energy stored in NADPH and ATP to produce glucose (sugar)
Both of these reactions take place in the chloroplast.

8. The Chloroplast
Stroma: clear fluid filled space surrounding grana. The site of the Dark Reaction where sugar is made.
Thylakoid Disk: Disk shaped membranes containing photosynthetic pigments , the site of the Light Reaction where ATP and Oxygen is made.

9. The Light Reaction 4 basic processes Light absorption
Electron transport
Oxygen production
ATP formation

10. 1.Light Absorption
Involve photosystems that contain clusters of pigment molecules
There are 2 photosystems that capture energy from sunlight
Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2
Each photosystem contains several hundred chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments
Light E is absorbed by one pigment molecule and passed onto the next pigment molecule and so on until it gets to a special pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center
In the reaction center, high E electrons are released and passed along a series of electron carriers called an electron transport chain

11. 2. Electron Transport
Upon the release of high E electrons to the electron transport chain, high E electrons are passed to NADP+ and it is converted to NADPH
NADPH is stored Energy that will be used later in the dark reaction

12. 3.Oxygen Production
As electrons are passed along to NADPH, chlorophyll needs a constant supply of new electrons
Electrons are taken from water
Two water molecules give 4 electrons and 4 H+ and 2 O atoms
Forms oxygen and is release into the atmosphere

13. 4. ATP Formation
Due to excess H+ (hydrogen ions) from the splitting of water molecules and transferring electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, the grana are positively charged and the stroma is negatively charged
An enzyme uses this difference in charges to attach a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
ATP is a storage compound for energy

14. The Light Reaction

15. Dark Reaction Does NOT use light but does take place in the sunlight
If ATP and NADPH are in supply, the dark reaction can take place in a test tube in total darkness
Uses carbon dioxide and ATP and NADPH (produced in the light reaction) to form PGAL
PGAL is a chemical building block that is used to make glucose
The dark reaction is a cycle, or series of reactions known as the Calvin cycle

16. The Chloroplast

17. Classwork Photosynthesis Notes
Read Chapter 6: Answer questions P117 # 1, 3; P123 # 1, 2;