1. Anatomy & Physiology I
Unit Three

2. Organelles of An animal cell
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Chromatin
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3. Fluid Mosaic Model of the
Plasma Membrane

4. Fluid Mosaic Model of the
Plasma Membrane

5. Fluid Mosaic Model of the
Plasma Membrane

6. Fluid Mosaic Model of the
Plasma Membrane

7. Fluid Mosaic Model of the
Plasma Membrane

8. Passive Transport Does not require energy from the cell
Substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Substances can move in both directions, depending on the concentration gradient

9. Examples of Passive Transport
Diffusion – the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Facilitated diffusion – same as above, but with the help of membrane proteins
Osmosis – the diffusion of water

10. Active Transport Does require energy from the cell
Substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Substances can move in only one direction, against the concentration gradient

11. Active Transport Example
Sodium/Potassium pump – a membrane protein that moves sodium out, while moving potassium in

12. Active Transport

13. Membrane Transport

14. Filtration

15. Bulk Transport
Endocytosis
* Phagocytosis
* Pinocytosis

16. Bulk Transport
Exocytosis

17. Osmosis Solute – substance that is dissolved in a medium (solvent)
Solvent – substance (usually liquid) that
dissolves a solute
Solution – mixture of solutes dissolved in
a solvent
Osmotic pressure is created by the movement of water toward a higher solute concentration

18. Semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion
Semipermeable membrane
Osmosis

19. Osmosis

20. Animal Cell Osmosis Lysed Crenated Aaaaaaaaaaaaa Aaaaaaaaaaaaa

21. Plant Cell Osmosis
Turgor

22. Osmosis
Therefore, the higher the solute concentration, the higher the osmotic pressure
Many body systems create high solute concentrations so as to produce higher osmotic pressure

23. Osmosis
Edema – the excess collection of extracellular fluids due to high solute concentration
Dehydration – the loss of extracellular fluids due to various causes

24. Electrolyte Functions
The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:
+ chemically reactive and
participate in metabolism
+ determine charge difference
across cell membranes

25. Electrolyte Functions
The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:
+ powerfully affect the
osmolarity of body fluids and
the body’s water content and
distribution
+ form essential minerals
+ regulate acid/base balance

26. Electrolyte Concentrations
Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids of the body found outside the cells
Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids of the body found inside the cells (cytoplasm)

27. Electrolyte Concentrations
HPO43- (Lo)
Na+ (145mEq/L)
Ca2+ (Hi)
Mg2+ (Lo)
K+ (4mEq/L)
K+ (150mEq/L)
Mg2+ (Hi)
Ca2+ (Lo)
Na+ (12mEq/L)
HPO43- (Hi)

28. Electrolyte Concentrations
Cl- (103mEq/L)
OH-
HCO3-(Hi) H+
HCO3- (Lo)
Cl- (4mEq/L) H+
OH-

29. ICF vs. ECF ICF ECF 65% of body fluids Major electrolytesK+
Mg2+
HPO43-
35% of body fluids
Major electrolytes
Na+
Ca2+
Cl-

30. ICF vs. ECF 26L 40L total body fluid 10L 3.2L 0.8L Interstitial Fluids
Blood Plasma
Lymph
How much fluid is found in the ICF and the ECF? Which one do you think has the most fluid? *ICF is the largest fluid compartment in the body. For the average person it will hold about 25 liters of fluid. *About 12 liters of the ECF are in the interstitial fluid. *The remaining ECF makes up the blood. It contains about 3 Liters. *The total amount of fluid in the body will be about 40 liters.
0.8L
Other
40L total body fluid

31. Movement of Water
Fluids are constantly exchanged between these compartments
Osmosis occurs across capillary walls and plasma membranes

32. Movement of Water
The movement of the water from one compartment to the other is determined by solute concentrations

33. Movement of Water

34. Introducing Fluids in the Body
As has been established, body cells must maintained in isotonic conditions
On an average the solute concentration of body cells is 300mosm

35. Introducing Fluids in the Body
This means on an average, the ECF osmolarity would also be 300mosm
There are exceptions to both ICF and ECF osmolarities

36. Introducing Fluids in the Body
Since a loss of fluids also means a loss of electrolytes, fluid replacement therapy (IVs) may be necessary to restore homeostatic concentrations and volumes

37. Introducing Fluids in the Body
Fluids introduced to the body must therefore have the same osmolarity
> 0.9% normal saline (NS) or
physiological saline (PSS)
> D5W (dextrose 5% in water)
(5% glucose)
> Ringer’s lactate solution

38. Fluid Balance
Balance of body fluids means that fluid intake should equal fluid output
In addition, the fluid gained or lost must be added to or taken from the right compartment (ICF or ECF)

39. Fluid Balance

40. Fluid Balance
As has been seen, electrolyte concentrations in the different compartments must also be stringently maintained
Electrolytes attract water through osmosis, therefore a loss of fluids results in the loss of electrolytes

41. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
ICF
65% of body fluids
ECF
Major electrolytes K+
Mg2+
HPO43-
35% of body fluids
Major electrolytes
Na+
Ca2+
Cl-

42. Fluid Balance
The three structures that play the major role in fluid and electrolyte balance are:
* brain (hypothalamus)
* kidneys
* adrenal glands

43. Regulation of Fluid Intake
Decreased volume of ECF or
Increased osmolarity of ECF
Hypothalamus
Decrease saliva
Creates thirst
Increased volume of ECF
which
decreases osmolarity of ECF
Drink fluids