1. Chapter 5 LECTURE OUTLINE MIGRATION FLOWS
Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
Chapter 5 LECTURE OUTLINE MIGRATION FLOWS
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2. Migration versus Movement
A permanent relocation of one’s place of residence; usually long-distance
Can be international or internal (within a country)
Immigration—migration into a country
Emigration—migration exiting a country
Movement
Temporary relocation
Example: guest workers allowed to work in a country for a limited amount of time
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3. Types of Migration 1
Generally, when we talk about migration we are referring to large groups of people, however:
the definition of large differs by the base size of the country. Ten is a large number if you start with a basis of 100, but not if you start with a basis of 1,000
Free Migration
Deciding to migrate without coercion, support, or compulsion
Restricted Migration
Migration that is limited by laws, quotas, etc.
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4. Types of Migration 2 Impelled & Forced Migration
We usually think of Restricted Migration in terms of limits on immigration, but there can also be limits on emigration. The Berlin Wall is a notable example.
Impelled & Forced Migration
Impelled Migration occurs when people are in an environment that gives them strong reason to migrate, but are not literally required to.
Forced Migration occurs when people literally have no choice.
Rural-to-Urban Migration
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5. Major World Migrations
Figure 5B.2—see p. 94
Number 2, and to a lesser extent Number 9, are included because of ethnocentrism.
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6. Measuring Migration Gross Migration (gross means total amount)
The total # of people that leave & enter a country
Net Migration (net means total minus a subset)
The difference between the # of people who leave & the # of people who enter
Out-Migration (measure of emigration)
The total # of people who leave a country
In-Migration (measure of immigration)
The total # of people who arrive in a country
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7. Migration Issues—Human Trafficking
Definition: “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by threat or use of force…”
in other words
Slavery
600,000 – 800,000 per year
“People Smuggling” is the shipping of people to circumvent immigration laws
May begin as free or forced
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8. Human Trafficking and People Smuggling Why the red arrow?
Figure 5C.1—see p. 96
Why the red arrow?
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9. Child Soldiers ≈300,000 (not really a migration issue, but often
a form of human trafficking)
Figure 5C.3—see p. 97
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10. Migration Issues — Refugees 1
Definition: “A person living outside of his or her own country who cannot return home because of fear of injury or persecution.”
12 million people worldwide are refugees or asylum seekers (the temporary status of someone waiting to be accepted as a refugee)
Internally Displaced Persons
A person displaced in his or her own country
About 24 million people worldwide
Repatriation
The process of moving refugees back into their home country
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11. Migration Issues — Refugees 2
Initially, some refugees hope and intend to return home
Cuban-Americans
Other refugees never intend to return home
South Vietnamese
Over time, some refugees who had originally intended to return home (or their children) are assimilated into the host culture
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12. Why do People Migrate? Models 1
Ravenstein’s Laws
More people migrate a short distance than a long distance.
There is a flow of migrants from remote areas to less remote areas and finally to the cities.
Step Migration
Flows of migration also create small counterflows.
Long-distance migrants are more likely to be heading to a major city.
Urban residents are less likely to migrate than are people who live in the country.
Women migrate more than men, but they tend to migrate shorter distances. Ravenstein believed that long-distance migrants were more apt to be men.
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13. Why do People Migrate? Models 2
Distance Decay
Aka Zipf’s Law
As the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction between these places decreases
Gravity Model
The interaction between two cities is a function of each city’s population and the distance between them
ij > it > jt
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14. Why do People Migrate? Models 3
Push-Pull Model (Everett Lee, 1966)
People migrate because conditions where they are “push” them
People migrate because conditions where they are going “pull” them
In summary, people migrate to where conditions are better, but
Intervening obstacles may affect a migrant’s decision
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15. Why do People Migrate? Models 4
Factor Mobility Model
Migrants migrate from low- to high-wage areas
Human Capital Model
People migrate for both economics and for personal reasons
Life Cycle Factors
Migration occurs at significant times in migrants’ lives
Intervening Opportunities
While migrating from A to B, migrants may become aware of other opportunities
Migrants may stop before they reach their original destination
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16. Consequences of Migration
Demographic Consequences
Migration can change the size, age composition, and ethnic composition of a population
US population profile vs. Australia’s
Economic Consequences
May be positive or negative
Do migrants help or hurt a country?
Social Consequences
Can lead to cultural assimilation or cultural conflict
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17. Migration History of the U.S. 1
Colonial Period
1600 – American Revolution
Mostly Northern Europeans & African Slaves
1st Wave of European Immigration
1800 – 1880
Western & Northern Europeans
2nd Wave of European Immigration
1880 – 1921
Mostly Southern & Eastern Europe
Hundreds of thousands per year
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18. Migration History of the U.S. 2
Contemporary
1980 – present
Increasingly Asian and Latin American
> 12 million “undocumented”
Themes
The migrants—settle in compatriot communities
The inhabitants—to welcome or not to welcome
1921—roll back to 1910 > no post-WWI immigrants
1924—roll back to 1890, Ø Asians
1986--amnesty
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19. U.S. Immigration by Year
Figure 5G.1—see p. 106
1921—Emergency Quota Act; 1924—Immigration Act; 1986—Immigration Reform and Control Act
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20. U.S. Immigration by Region of Origin
Figure 5G.4—see p. 107
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