1. DATA COLLECTION IN QUALITATIVE
Consists of collecting data using forms with general, emerging questions to permit participants to generate responses
Identify the participants and sites
Need greater access to the sites – to interview
Relies on general interviews or observations
Record information on self-designed protocols
Challenges and ethical issues in gathering information through interview and observation

2. Issues to be considered
The participants and sites
Types of information to be collected
How to record the data
How do we administer data collection

3. Participants and Sites
The intent is to develop an in-depth exploration of a central phenomenon
Purposefully or intentionally select individuals and sites – purposeful sampling (sometimes defines as convenience sampling)

4. Purposeful Sampling Maximal Variation Sampling Extreme Case Sampling
Typical Sampling
Theory or Concept Sampling
Homogenous Sampling
Critical Sampling
Opportunistic Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling

5. Maximal Variation Sampling
The researcher samples cases or individuals that differ on some characteristic or trait
The researcher need to identify the characteristic – race, gender, location, and so on
In other variation, some authors defined this as quota sampling

6. Extreme Case Sampling
A form of purposeful sampling in which we study an outlier case or one that displays extreme characteristics
The researcher need to identify the characteristics – school with high perfomance, school that received specific recognition, and so on

7. Typical Sampling
A sampling in which the researcher studies a person or site that is “typical” to those unfamiliar with the situation
The typical situation is based on certain assumption which represent the people of the site – long service, consistency, etc.

8. Theory or Concept Sampling
The researcher samples individuals or sites because they can help the researcher generate or discover a theory or specific concepts
Perhaps the researcher wants to generate a theory of student attitudes toward distance learning – studying five sites that have experienced distance learning

9. Homogenous Sampling
The researcher samples individuals or sites based on membership in a subgroup that has defining characteristics
A study on parent programme in school – parents who have children in school will be selected as they belong to a common subgroup in the community

10. Critical Sampling
The individuals or sites represent the central phenomenon in dramatic terms
They were exceptional and the researcher can learn much about the phenomenon
A study on students misbehaviour in school – studying student who have identified involve in the misbehaviour incidents in school

11. Opportunistic Sampling
A purposeful sampling undertaken after the research begins, to take advantage of unfolding events that will help answer research questions
The sample emerges during the inquiry – the researcher need to collect new information
It needs to be cautious as this form might divert attention away from the original aims of the research

12. Snowball Sampling
Typically proceeds after a study begins and occurs when the researcher asks participants to recommend other individuals to study – the researcher may not know the best people to study because of the unfamiliarity of the topic or the complexity of the events
The researcher may pose the request as a question during interview or informal conversation
This led to individuals that had not been anticipated at the beginning

13. Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling
Proceeds after a study begins to confirm or disconfirm prelimenary findings
To follow up on specific cases to test or explore further specific findings
Studying about the school principals who support the in-house training by serving as mentors – after interviewing the principals, the researcher confirms or disconfirms the mentoring role by studying principals who have received praise upon

14. Short Activity
Talk to your friend who will be your sample and how you are going to select them – identify a specific sampling procedure that you are going to used
Look back to your research problem.

15. Thank you very much for your attention…