1. Functions of bone (skeleton)
Support and protection
Blood cell formation
Mineral storage (calcium especially)
Site for muscle attachmentbody movement

2. Bones classified by shape: long, short, flat,
irregular, round
Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous
with tendons and ligaments
blood vessels in periosteum
Epiphysis- ends
spongy bone contains red marrow
compact bone, articular cartilage
Diaphysis- middle
compact bone
medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat)
lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)

4. Compact bone
osteocytes within lacunae
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae
This surround a central canal; complex is called
Haversian system
Canaliculi connect osteocytes to central canal and
to each other

6. Prenatal development
skeleton is mostly cartilaginous
Cartilage cells and then osteoblasts start to
deposit minerals
Cartilaginous disk (epiphyseal disk) remains
in epiphysis
Cells eventually stop dividing

8. Adults continually break down and build up bone
Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release
calcium into blood
Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build
new matrix. They become trapped
osteocytes

9. Types of bone breaks
Simple- skin is not pierced
Compound- skin is pierced
Complete- bone is broken in half
Greenstick- incomplete break on outer
Comminuted- broken into several pieces

10. Fracture repair
Hematoma- blood clot in space between edges
of break
Fibrocartilage callus- begins tissue repair
Bony callus- osteoblasts produce trabeculae
(structural support) of spongy bone and
replace fibrocartilage
Remodeling- osteoblasts build new compact bone,
osteoclasts build new medullary cavity

12. Axial skeleton
skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing)
vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)

13. posterior view
p. 135

14. Axial skeleton supports and protects organs
of head, neck and trunk
Appendicular skeleton- bones of limbs and
bones that anchor them to the axial
skeleton
Articulation- where joints are formed

15. 22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all

16. The skull
8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 bones, 1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses

18. Vertebral column
7 cercvial vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused
1 coccyx (4 fused)

20. Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum
(first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

22. Clavicles and scapulae
Help brace shoulders
Attachment sites for muscles

24. Bones of upper limb
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius; ulna
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of lower limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia, fibula
Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges