1. QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE + MIXED METHODS
Hi everybody, today ı will talk about qualitative & quantitative + mixed methods.
ICTE 503 – Research Methods in ICT

2. Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Research methods and research data in our researches can be placed into two basic categories:
1. quantitative or
2. qualitative.
Qualitative - Overview
Quantitative - Overview
Deals with descriptions.
Data can be observed but not measured.
Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.
Qualitative → Quality
Deals with numbers.
Data which can be measured.
Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Quantitative → Quantity 

3. Qualitative & Quantitative Research – Example 1
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Reserach
friendly demeanors
civic minded
environmentalists
positive school spirit
672 students
394 girls, 278 boys
68% on honor roll
150 students accelerated in mathematics
I will give some example about this two types of reserach methods. For example, think a class which represent the any school classes. When we observe the school, we can talking about friendly deme ………………. And it Shows the qualitative variables. However,

4. Qualitative & Quantitative Research – Example 2
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Reserach
12 ounces of latte
serving temperature 150º F.
serving cup 7 inches in height
cost $4.95
robust aroma
frothy appearance
strong taste
burgundy cup

5. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a type of empirical investigation.
That means the research focuses on verifiable observation as opposed to theory or logic.
Most often this type of research is expressed in numbers.
A researcher will represent and manipulate certain observations that they are studying.
4 types of quantitative research
survey,
correlational,
causal-comparative, and
experimental. 

6. 1. Survey Research Survey research uses
interviews,
questionnaires, and
sampling
polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision.
It allows researchers to judge behavior and then present the findings in an accurate way.
This is usually expressed in a percentage.  
Survey research can be conducted around one group specifically or used to compare several groups.

7. 2. Correlational Research
Correlational research tests for the relationships between two variables.
Performing correlational research is done to establish what the affect of one on the other might be and how that affects the relationship.
Correlational research is conducted in order to explain a noticed occurrence.
In correlational research the survey is conducted on a minimum of two groups.
In most correlational research there is a level of manipulation involved with the specific variables being researched.
Once the information is compiled it is then analyzed mathematically to draw conclusions about the affect that one has on the other.

8. 3. Causal-Comparative Research
Causal-comparative research looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship.
This research is not conducted between the two groups on each other.
Rather than look solely for a statistical relationship between two variables it tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are affected by the same circumstance.

9. 4. Experimental Research
Though questions may be posed in the other forms of research, experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis.
Sometimes experimental research can have several hypotheses.
A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or disproved.
Once that statement is made experiments are begun to find out whether the statement is true or not.
This type of research is the bedrock of most sciences, in particular the natural sciences.

10. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.
It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research.

12. Mixed – Method Research
Mixed-methods research involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study.
Those who engage in such research argue that the use of both methods provides a more complete understanding of research problems than does the use of either approach alone.
The essential feature is that mixed-methods research combines methods of data collection and analysis from both quantitative and qualitative traditions.

13. Example of Mixed – Method Researches
“Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies in Research on Teachers’ Lives, Work, and Effectiveness.” 2
“Closed and Open-Ended Question Tools in a Telephone Survey About ‘The Good Teacher.’ ” 3
“Emotions and Change During Professional Development for Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study.” 4
“Telling It All: A Story of Women’s Social Capital Using a Mixed Methods Approach.” 5

14. Mixed – Method Research
Mixed-methods research has several strengths.
First, mixed-method research can help to clarify and explain relationships found to exist between variables.
For example, correlational data may indicate a slight negative relationship between the time students spend at home using a computer and their grades—that is, as student computer time increased, their grades suffered.
3 types of mixed method research
Sequential explanatory design
Sequential exploratory design
Concurrent triangulation
Concurrent nested

15. Sequential Explanatory Design
collection and analysis of quantitative data followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data
Strengths:
Easy to implement because the steps fall into clear separate stages.
The design is easy to describe and the results easy to report.
Weaknesses:
Requires a substantial length of time to complete all data collection given the two separate phases.

16. Sequential Exploratory Design
qualitative data collection and analysis is followed by quantitative data collection and analysis
Strengths:
Easy to implement because the steps fall into clear, separate stages.
The design is easy to describe and the results easy to report.
Weaknesses:
Requires a substantial length of time to complete all data collection given the two separate phases.
It may be difficult to build from the qualitative analysis to the subsequent data collection.

17. Concurrent Triangulation
only one data collection phase is used, during which quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis are conducted separately yet concurrently.
Strengths:
Provides well-validated and substantiated findings.
Compared to sequential designs, data collection takes less time.
Weaknesses:
Requires great effort and expertise to adequately use two separate methods at the same time.
It can be difficult to compare the results of two analysis using data of different forms.
It may be unclear how to resolve discrepancies that arise while comparing the results.
Given that data collection is conducted concurrently, results of one method (e.g., interview) cannot be integrated in the other method (e.g., survey).

18. Concurrent Nested
only one data collection phase is used, during which a predominant method (quantitative or qualitative) nests or embeds the other less priority method (qualitative or quantitative, respectively). 
Strengths:
Two types of data are collected simultaneously, reducing time and resources (e.g., number of participants).
Provides a study with the advantages of both quantitative and qualitative data.
Weaknesses:
The data needs to be transformed in some way so that both types of data can be integrated during the analysis, which can be difficult.
Inequality between different methods may result in unequal evidence within the study, which can be a disadvantage when interpreting the results.

20. References
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research-and-quantitative-research/