1. Survey of Microorganisms
Virus
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Algae
Fungi
protozoa

2. Internal cell structure of bacteria

3. Superkingdom Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Branch protophyta
(Plant like protist)
algae
Branch protomycota (fungus like protists)
slime mold
Branch Protozoa
(animal like protists)
amoeba

4. Internal cell structure of a Eukaryotic organism

5. The electron micrographs of representatives

6. Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

7. Phylogenetic Tree

9. Summary of major differentiating features between Eubacteria, Archaebacteria and Eukaryotes
Characteristics
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes 1.
Membrane-bound
nucleus
absent
present 2.
Cell wall
Muramic acid
No Muramic acid 3.
Membrane lipids
ester linked
ether linked 4.
Ribosome
70S
80S 5.
RNA polymerase
One (4 sub)
Several (8-12 sub)
3 (12-14 sub)

10. BACTERIA Typical prokaryotes. Three shapes: cocci, bacilli and spiral
Can be autotroph or heterotroph
Autotroph: photoautotroph or chemoautotroph
Heterotroph: parasite or saprophyte
According to Gram stain: G+ or G-
Type of reproduction: binary fission
Some genetic material transfer:
transformation, transduction and conjugation

11. Bacterial morphologies

12. Bacterial morphologies

13. Bacterial morphologies

14. Bacterial morphologies

15. Cyanobacteria Blue green algae, in both fresh and marine water.
A typical procayrotic living organism
Autotroph, photosynthesis machinery is very similar to higher plants.
No chloroplast, have chlorophyll and other pigments such as phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, carotene etc.
Three forms: unicellular, colonial and filaments.
Some filament cyanobacteria have heterocyst that can fix N2 to ammonia.
e.g. Anacystis , Oscillatoria

16. Fungi Eukaryotic living organisms Heterotroph (1) unicellular yeast
(2) muticellular molds

17. Fungi

18. Yeast
Reproduction:
Budding processes (asexual reproduction) forming buds on the mother cell when mature, punch off to become new single yeast cells. sex spores (sexual reproduction), produce sex spores following the fusion of two separate cells.
Many yeast convert carbohydrates to alcohol for alcoholic beverages (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Some are used to raise bread (produce CO2 in the dough)

19. Yeast

20. Multicellular fungi
More complex than yeast, many of them become visible as “mildew” in damp weather. have hair like structure (mycelium)
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Some mold are responsible for the flavor of fine cheeses.
Major sources of antibiotics
e.g. Penicillium chrysogenum for penicillin

21. Slim Mold (lower fungi)
This is a lower fungi, in Protista and protomycota.
It is similar to fungi, but distinct.
Heterotroph.
They live in cool, shady moist places in nature - on decaying wood, dead leaves or other damp organic matter.

22. Algae Eukaryotic living organisms Autotroph:
Carry out a green plant type of photosynthesis resulting in the photolysis of water and the evolution of O2.
Mainly aquatic in nature.
Some of the primitive ones are classified in protista; complex multicellular types are placed in plant kingdom.
Three forms: unicellular, filaments and colonial.
7 classes on the basis of their cellular structure, pigment composition. Only five will be discussed in here and differentiate them using food storage particles.
e.g. euglena, spirogyra and cladophora.

23. Algae China Algae Blooms
Beijing 2008 Olympics

24. Algae Euglenoids eg. Euglena
food storage is a lipoid polysaccharide - paramylum
Green algae
eg. Chlamydomonas
food storage - starch
Golden Brown algae
eg. Diatoms
food storage – oil and leucosin (a polysaccharide)
have fucoxanthin, a brownish pigment

25. Algae Cont. Mainly marine water algae 5. Fire Algae 4. Brown Algae
food storage – laminarin, a polysaccharide and mannitol, a sugar alcohol
5. Fire Algae
Dinoflagellate
eg. Peridinium
food storage – starch, fat, oils

26. Protista Unicellular, heterotroph
Animal like, move, they are either free living or parasites.
A wide variety of shapes and sizes
some elongated, some are oval.
Sizes: from 5-10 um to 1-2 mm.
Sexual or asexual reproduction
e.g. amoebas, paramecium

27. Protista