1. Chapter 1
Themes of bio
Characteristics of living things
The Scientific Method
Microscopes and Measurements

2. Bio- logy: study of
Life
(Time line of life with arms)

3. Why Study Biology? To learn how living things…. LIVE!
What is it made up of?
How does it work?
How does it interact with others?
To help you make informed decisions on issues that impact YOU and YOUR society
organisms

4. A living thing aka ORGANISM

5. Why is a virus NOT considered to be living?
1) It is not a cell
2) It cannot reproduce without a host organism
3) No Metabolic functions

6. M for Multicellular Organism U for Unicellular Organism

8. History of Classifying R. Whittaker Carl Woese
5 KINGDOMS:
PLANT
ANIMAL
FUNGI
PROTIST
MONERA
3 DOMAINS:
EUKARYOTES
PLANT
ANIMAL
FUNGI
PROTIST
PROKAROTES
ARCHAEBACTERIA

9. 3 Domains
EUKARYA
PROKARYA
ARCHAEBACTERIA

10. Domain Archaea

11. Domain Prokarya
Cocci Bacilli, Spirilli

12. Domain Prokarya
Cyanobacteria - photosynthetic

13. 4 Kingdoms (of Eukarya)
ANIMAL
PLANT
FUNGI
PROTIST

14. Kingdom Protista
Euglena

15. Red Algae
Kingdom Protista

16. Kingdom Protista
Volvox – multicellular colony

17. Kingdom Protista
Ameba

18. Paramecium
Kingdom Protista

19. Kingdom Fungi

20. Kingdom Fungi

21. 1.1 The 6 Themes in Biology Structure & Function
Maintaining a Balance (Homeostasis)
Reproduction & Inheritance
Evolution
Interdependence of Organisms (Ecology)
Matter, Energy, and Organization

22. 1. Cell Structure & Function
The cell is the ?
Basic unit of life
Organisms can be one-celled
Unicellular
Or made up of one or more cells
Multicellular

26. Differentiation
The process when an undifferentiated embryonic cell becomes specialized to do a function such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell.
Cells become different from each other as they multiply and specialize in their function told to them by their:
DNA

29. 2. Stability & Homeostasis
Homeostasis – stable level of:
Internal conditions

30. 3. Reproduction & Inheritance
All organisms produce new organisms by:
Reproduction
Organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring
Hereditary information:
DNA

31. Gene
Short segment of DNA that contains instructions for development of a:
single trait
Made up of 3 ?
Nucleotides (building blocks of DNA)

33. 4. Evolution of Life
Populations of organisms EVOLVE, or CHANGE over generations (TIME). 
The "Theory of Evolution" helps us to understand how many kinds of organisms that have lived on Earth came into existence.

34. Scientist suggest that a process called NATURAL SELECTION is the most important driving force in Evolution –
Organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to successfully reproduce –
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

35. The survival of organisms with favorable traits causes a gradual change in populations of organisms over many generations.
POPULATIONS CHANGE, NOT INDIVIDUALS

36. Changes over time that gave us the modern day horse, this occurred over 57 million years.

37. Adaptive Trait
A trait that gives the individual an advantage in survival or reproduction, under a given set of circumstances

38. Adaptation

39. Structure Has to do with Function
Bone
Flight
Neuron
Mitochondrion

40. 5. Interdependencies Among Organisms
Producers
Make their own food
AUTOTROPHS
Consumers
Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers
HETEROTROPHS
Decomposers
Break down remains and wastes

41. Energy Flow
Usually starts with energy from the:

42. CONSUMERS,DECOMPOSERS
Producers capture, convert, and use or store some energy from the sun.
PRODUCERS
NUTRIENT CYCLING
CONSUMERS,DECOMPOSERS
ONE-WAY FLOW OF ENERGY
Energy gets transferred from one organism to another; in time, all flows back to the environment.
Fig. 1.6, p. 7

43. 6. Matter, Energy, and Organization
Living things are highly ORGANIZED,
Made up of MATTER
that are maintained by a constant supply of ?
ENERGY

44. 1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
All living things must have……… ?

45. How do you know smthg is LIVING?
THE SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE:
Made up of 1 or more CELLS
Has ORGANIZATION
3. USES ENERGY or metabolism
4. Maintains HOMEOSTASIS
5. GROWS
6. Can REPRODUCE
+ Responds to a stimulus
+ Evolved from smthg – change through time
+ Must Die
+ Has DNA

46. A cell is the smallest unit having the capacity to and (and then die)
1. BASIC UNIT OF LIFE – THE CELL
A cell is the smallest unit having the capacity to and (and then die)
live
reproduce

48. 2. Organization – living things HAVE organization and ARE organized
All things are made up of the same units of matter:
atoms  elements  molecules

50. Levels of Organization
Multicellular Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Cell
tissue
organ
organ system

51. What are the 5 most important ELEMENTS in living things?
C H O N P

52. The 4 Macromolecules! proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates
Living things are made of up of a certain set of molecules
The 4 Macromolecules!
proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
carbohydrates

53. P E N C I L
roteins
ipids
ucleic acids
arbohydrates

54. Levels of Organization
Molecular Level : 
atoms and molecules of which an organism is made-
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and DNA –
the encoded instructions for making many other molecules necessary for life.

55. 2. Cellular Level:  The smallest unit of life
3. Tissue Level:  A group of cells

56. 4. Organ Level: 
groups of ___________
5. Organ System Level: 
6. Organism Level:
groups of ____________

57. 7. Population Level: 
group of ______________
of the same species
8. Community Level: 
Groups of ____________
of different species
9. Ecosystem Level: 
plus the environment. 
10. All the Ecosystems = the Biosphere.

59. 3. Metabolism Energy metabolism a) : Capacity to do work
Living things use energy to power all the life processes (growth, repair, movement). All energy begins with the
b) Metabolism: the sum of all the chemical reactions by which cells acquire and transform energy and materials from the environment to grow, survive, and reproduce
Energy use depends on
metabolism

62. What would happen if all AUTOTROPHIC organisms died, leaving only HETEROTROPHIC organisms?
Heterotrophs would die, too!
They depend on autotrophs to MAKE the food from sun and chemicals

64. 4. Homeostasis – “Balance”
Living Things, from single cells to multi-cellular organisms, maintain very stable internal conditions such as temperature, water content, and even food intake.
b) Maintaining this stable level of internal conditions is called and is found in all living things, including single cells.
Homeostasis

66. 5. Growth and Development
A. Growth of living things results from the _____________ of cells and
cell ___________
1) cells increase in size by incorporating materials and changing them into molecules that they need.
2) unicellular organisms go through cell division and then cell enlargement
3) multi-cellular organisms mature through cell division, cell enlargement and
development
B. Development is the process by which cells differentiate and become specialized for different functions
growth
division

67. How does growth of a rock differ from growth of a living thing?
Rocks accumulate material and physically get bigger
L.T. will have their cells GROW in size (from consuming energy) and then DIVIDE (mitosis)

68. Development

69. 6. Reproduction
Why is reproduction an important characteristic of life?
It allows LIFE to continue on
(not one living thing tho)

70. How do organisms produce offspring like themselves?
SEXUAL or ASEXUAL reproduction passing their genetic info on

71. Reproduction

73. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
The signature molecule of life
Molecule of inheritance
Directs assembly of amino acids

75. +. EVOLUTION – change through time
Populations evolve, not INDIVIDUALS
b) If species don’t evolve to an environmental change… they DONE! 
c) Evolution causes BIODIVERSITY
d) Evolution takes a LONG TIME!

76. How come we can’t yet discover, identify, and describe ALL ORGANISMS?
99% of them are EXTINCT !
Can’t get to them (oceans, caves, soil)
Can’t see them (microscopic)
And there’s a LOT of BIODIVERSITY!

77. +. Sensing and Responding to Stimuli
a) Organisms sense physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment and make responses to them
b) Organisms must be able to to changes in their environment to stay alive
respond or react

78. Response
Venus Fly Trap