1. Genetic Engineering
Biology

2. Karyotype chart of chromosome pairs used to identify ___________ &
____________________
_________________________– 3 chrom. at pair 21
Turner’s syndrome – only one X – sterile female XO
Klinefelter’s syndrome – extra X (male:XXY-sterile)
FYI Karyotype is obtained by 1) getting a sample of cells from a fetus 2) metaphase chromosomes are photographed 3) chrom. pictures are enlarged and arranged in pairs based on length and centromere location

3. Karyotype

4. ___________ during __________
____________ – causes these unusual #s of chromosomes; chromosomes________
___________ during __________

5. http://www. ratsteachgenetics. com/Genetics_quizzes/Lecture%207/7q1

6. Selective breeding
We choose _______ __________& breed plants and animals to have these traits
*Takes decades
Examples:
________ _________
Cows produce 3x more milk than 50 years ago

7. Selective breeding – 2 methods
1. Hybridization – _________________
____________________________________________________________________
Ex. Crossing disease-resistant apple tree with high yield apple tree = apple tree
that produces a lot and requires
less pesticides

8. Inbreeding
2. Inbreeding – _____________________(______________________)
*because genetics are so close, often allows expression of _______ ________
________
Study revealed that
20,000 boxers genetically
look like 70 – this leads
disorders like heart disease,
cancer, and epilepsy in
boxers.

9. Test cross A way of determining ________ Cross a _______ _________-
(___________ ____________) with an unknown – Unknown could be:
_______________________, ______
If unknown is homozygous dominant, all offspring will show dominant trait
If unknown is heterozygous, some will show dominant trait, some show recessive trait
Complete Problem Solving Lab 13.1 p.339

10. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is a ________ more __________ method for increasing the frequency of a specific allele in a population.
This method involves __________ -- or cleaving -- DNA from one organism and inserting into another organism!

11. Transgenic Organisms ________________________________.
Tobacco plant that contains firefly DNA.

12. Uses of transgenic animals
Insert spider genes into cells of lactating goats – manufacture silk along with milk = light, tough, flexible material  military uniforms, medical sutures
30% of US milk produced
by genetically modified (GM)
cows
Pigs GM to produce
high levels of lean meat

13. Transgenic plants: Golden Rice – GM to have high levels of beta-carotene – essential for health, eye sight

14. How do scientist cut DNA?
Restriction Enzymes - _____________
proteins that have the ability to _____ both strands of a __________ at ___________ ______________

15. Restriction enzymes
Sticky Ends vs. Blunt ends

16. Restriction Enzyme Example
Do Lab 13.1 (page 343) in text book for practice.

17. Recombinant DNA - mixing up DNA
_________________- made by connecting (____________), fragments of DNA from ______________________

18. Recombinant DNA in Industry
Using genetically modified E.coli to produce the expensive indigo dye that is used to color denim blue jeans.
Use of recombinant DNA techniques in production of: __________, laundry detergents, paper production, and __________ ____________.

19. Recombinant DNA in Medicine
Pharmaceutical companies
Use recombinant DNA to produce a hormone for pituitary dwarfism.
Insert the gene for human insulin into __________ to produce large quantities of _________. (for people with diabetes)
Other antibodies, hormones, vaccines, enzymes, and various compounds have been made for treatments.

20. Recombinant bacteria manufacture human insulin

21. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
______________cut out using restriction enzymes into bacterial __________.
Get bacteria to take in the plasmid.
_________________________bacteria.
________________________.

22. Recombinant DNA in Agriculture
Crops have been created that are better tasting, stay fresh longer, protected from disease, and insect infestations.
Corn, broccoli, cotton, and potatoes have been developed to produce a Bt toxin from a bacterial gene, which makes them resistant to certain pests.

23. Recombinant DNA in Agriculture
Canola pants have been modified to produce a high yield of oil.
Various plants have been made resistant to herbicide so they can be sprayed to get rid of unwanted weeds in fields without harming the crop plant.
Current research to increase vitamins in certain crops,and to produce peanuts and soy beans that do not cause an allergic reaction.

24. Gel Electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis ________________
____________________________________________________________________

25. Sort DNA: Gel Electrophoresis1. 3.
p. 346 2.

26. Gel Electrophoresis
Practice on page 353 of Textbook.

27. Can you match the evidence with the suspect?

28. Uses of DNA fingerprinting:
Identify ___________
Forensics, unknown solidiers, historical figures
Identify and catalog ________________

29. Ways of Manipulating DNA
Process
How
Cut DNA
Sort DNA by length
Analyze DNA

30. Human Genome Project (1990-2003)
*Sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identified
all human genes.
*Used to determine
__________________
& ________________

31. Product of Human Genome: Chromosome maps

32. Gene therapy
___________________________________________________– allows body to make proteins or enzymes needed, eliminating disorder
Used to treat SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome) & _______
___________
Trials for sickle-cell and hemophilia treatments are occurring now.

33. http://library. thinkquest. org/28000/media/genetherapy/l_gene

34. Cloning Somatic cell = _____ cell
Uses a single somatic cell from an adult organism to grow an entirely new __________________________________
Somatic cell = _____ cell

35. Stem cells
_________: _______________ cells that __________________themselves & have, under appropriate conditions, the ability to ______________ into one or more types of specialized cells
_______________ cells: stem cells that haven’t differentiated yet & can be specialized into any cell type
_____ stem cells: found in organisms (________ _______). May differentiate into __________ cell types

36. Ethics of Genomics & Biotechnology
Stem cell research
Gene therapy
GMOs: _________ __________ __________
Cloning
Human Genome Project