1. What is a Holocaust?
Systematic, state-sponsored genocide of European Jews and other targeted groups

2. Identification
Ms. Rendek and Mr. Bell

3. Which groups were targeted during the Holocaust?

4. Identification
For destruction of a targeted group, perpetrators must first define who is a member of that group
Intended for alienation and eventual annihilation
Systematic racial identification
Evolutionary

5. Identification Reading

6. Political/Legal Identification
Nuremberg Laws – Homework
Who is a citizen according to the document?
Who is a Jew?
What kinds of rights or freedoms will be lost?
How does this document and its enactment assist with Hitler’s objectives? What do you think would be the results?

7. “Israel” and “Sarah”

8. What is the difference between this kind of identification and the id cards? What might be some results of the changes in id?

9. “Scientific”
Why would the Nazi’s want to use science to classify Jews?

12. Concentration Camp Identification

13. Expropriation
Removing Jews from the social, economic, and cultural life
Bans on Jews from entering everyday life - ex. Occupations
Aim was to make it so difficult that they would leave

14. Expropriation Reading

15. Kristallnacht

17. Jewish Boycotts

18. Evian Conference
Many Jews had already fled – countries limiting immigration
Americans know of mistreatment – immigrants as competition for jobs/wealth
Thirty-two countries meet to discuss Jewish refugees – no action taken (even by US)

21. Concentration Movement of Jews to one central location
Keep them separate from the “racially pure” society
Ghettoization and Concentration Camps

22. Concentration Reading

23. Ghettos
City districts where Jewish population was concentrated - control and segregation
Jewish ruling council and police – controlled by the Nazis
Overcrowded, scarce food, denial of medicine
Illegal activities for survival – ex. Smuggling
Largest – Warsaw Ghetto

25. Concentration Camps
Hold those who are political dissidents or are “asocial”
Targets those who are a conflict to racial purification of policy
Labor

27. Do Now: What do you think is going on in this image?
What is the author’s message?
Discuss parts of the
image in your response.

28. Annihilation Final stage of genocide theory
Aim is to totally destroy or obliterate the targeted group – The Final Solution
Use of force and resources to accomplish

29. Annihilation
Annihilation Reading

30. Operation Barbarossa
Invade the USSR – beginning of annihilation as a policy
Need a way to eliminate the Eastern European Jews

31. Mobile Killing Units Round up targeted population
Have targeted members dig mass grave
Shoot members of the targeted group

32. Why would mobile killing units be inefficient?

33. Killing Centers Also known as death camps or extermination camps
Usually use gas or shot to death
Upon arrival separate into two groups – those who will immediately be killed and those who will be used as labor

35. Gas Chambers Can kill people fast; impersonal
Use of Zyklon B or carbon monoxide
Goal was to make the process efficient

36. Gas Chambers Process Guards round groups to be gassed up
Have them undress in an undressing cellar
Move into gas chamber – seal door
Add Zyklon-B from ceiling – five to ten minutes for suffocation – ventilation
Open door – other Jews take out bodies and prepare for cremation

38. "It could be observed that those who were closest to the induction vents were killed at once. It can be said that about one-third died straightaway. The remainder staggered about and began to scream and struggle for air. The screaming, however, soon changed to the death rattle and in a few minutes all lay still." (Berenbaum 170)  "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard and it was clear that they fought for their lives" (Berenbaum 163). 

39. Crematorium
Jews were forced to move the dead bodies from the gas chambers to the crematorium
Put the bodies into
large ovens and burn
or incinerate with
gasoline

40. Example: Auschwitz Gas chamber could hold ~2,500 at one time
Of the 405,000 registered prisoners, 65,000 survived
Of the 16,000 Soviet POW's, 96 survived
Various estimates suggest 1.6 million were murdered

41. Liberation Reading