1. Attitude Scale splits into five Subscales
6 Tan, K.H., & Smyth, R.M.D. (2009). Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing (Review). The Cochrane Library. 3; pp.1-26.
7 Caridi, B.J., Bolnick, J.M., Fletcher, B.G., & Rayburn, W.F. (2004). Effect of halogen light stimulation on nonstress testing. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 190, p
8 Thanaboonyawat, I., Wataganara, T., Boriboonhiransarn. D., Viboonchart, S., & Tontisirin, P.(2006). Effect of halogen light in fetal stimulation for fetal well-being assessment. J Med Assoc Thai. 89(9);
9-Rayburn, B.B., Theele, D.P., Bolnick, J.M., Rayburn, W.F. (2004) Selecting an external light source for fetal biophysical testing.J Reprod Med.
6 Tan, K.H., & Smyth, R.M.D. (2009). Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing (Review). The Cochrane Library. 3; pp.1-26.
7 Caridi, B.J., Bolnick, J.M., Fletcher, B.G., & Rayburn, W.F. (2004). Effect of halogen light stimulation on nonstress testing. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 190, p
8 Thanaboonyawat, I., Wataganara, T., Boriboonhiransarn. D., Viboonchart, S., & Tontisirin, P.(2006). Effect of halogen light in fetal stimulation for fetal well-being assessment. J Med Assoc Thai. 89(9);
9-Rayburn, B.B., Theele, D.P., Bolnick, J.M., Rayburn, W.F. (2004) Selecting an external light source for fetal biophysical testing.J Reprod Med.
Infertile Couples' Knowledge and Attitudes toward Surrogacy : A Comparative Study Authors: Fatemeh Rahimikian (MSc.) *, Reza Amani Samani (PhD), Afsaneh Zandi (MSc.), Abbas Mehran (MSc.) *lecturer. Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Tehran University
of Medical Sciences
Surrogacy is one of the most popular ART methods which are used when a woman is not able to breed a fetus through pregnancy in her own uterus. Gestational surrogacy is approved by law and religion in Iran. Infertile couple's decisions between possible treatments are influenced by their knowledge and attitudes.
This cross-sectional study is performed on 200 infertile couples (N=400) via Simple Sampling method. A self-made questionnaire with three sections such as "demographic and clinical information",” surrogacy knowledge" and "surrogacy attitude", after standardization, was used as a valid and reliable research tool (α=0.91). Attitude scale splits into five subscales which maximum score of this scale is 150, minimum score is 30. High scores indicates more positive attitudes. Data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and a value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
About half of the women had poor knowledge (46%), while most of men had an average knowledge about surrogacy (38.5 %) and although this difference was statically significant (P = 0.001), there was no significant difference between their attitudes. In overall acceptance of surrogacy, more than half of the couples had positive attitudes but generally about all aspects of surrogacy, most of infertile couples had neutral attitudes( Table 1). In infertile men statistically significant reverse association was found between knowledge and attitudes about surrogacy (P = 0.02).
While infertile couples have similar attitudes toward surrogacy but lack of knowledge leads to formation of a neutral attitude and ambiguity about different aspects of surrogacy, therefor couple's decisions will be faltered. Improving knowledge and attitudes about surrogacy relieves future potential negative consequences for infertile couples, surrogate mother and children born through surrogacy. Otherwise, surrogacy concept gets away from altruistic goals and trends to a stigma in society.
Introduction
References
1- Kian EM, Riazi H, Bashirian S. Attitudes of Iranian infertile couples toward surrogacy. Journal of human reproductive sciences. 2014;7(1):47.
2- Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Spong CY, Dashe J. Williams Obstetrics 24/E: McGraw Hill Professional; 2014.
3- Masoumi SZ, Poorolajal J, Keramat A, Moosavi SA. Prevalence of Depression among Infertile Couples in Iran: A Meta-Analysis Study. Iranian journal of public health. 2013;42(5):458.
4- Rahmani A, Howard F, Sattarzadeh N, Ferguson C, Asgari A, Ebrahimi H. Viewpoints of fertile women on gestational surrogacy in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Indian journal of medical ethics. 2014;11(1).
5- Constantinidis D, Cook R. Australian perspectives on surrogacy: the influence of cognitions, psychological and demographic characteristics. Human reproduction. 2012:der470.
6- Hendrick TA, Fischer AR, Tobi H, Frewer LJ. Self‐reported attitude scales: current practice in adequate assessment of reliability, validity, and dimensionality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2013;43(7):
7- Rahmani A, Sattarzadeh N, Gholizadeh L, Sheikhalipour Z, Allahbakhshian A, Hassankhani H. Gestational surrogacy: viewpoint of Iranian infertile women. Journal of human reproductive sciences. 2011;4(3):138.
Table 1: Mean Scores of Total Attitude
All the within group statistical analyses were performed using the
Wilcoxon test.
*Statistically significant
Methods
Attitude Scale splits into five Subscales
Women(N=200)
Men(N=200)
Total(N=400)
Total attitude
91.14
92.46
91.80
1- Overall acceptance of surrogacy
31.74
32.16
31.95
2- Surrogacy and Public attitudes
10.80
10.93
10.87
3- Child born through surrogacy
15.68
15.99
15.83
4- Surrogate mother
20.72
21.06
20.89
5- Intentional attitude and surrogacy future attempt
12.19
12.33
12.27
Results
Conclusion