1. Decision Support Systems
INF421 & IS341
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2. Decision Support Systems
Chapter 14:
Decision Support Systems

3. DSSs Categories (Alter 1977)
File-drawer systems
for immediate access to data;
Data analysis systems
such as statistical and financial analysis tools ;
Analysis information systems
providing access to several databases and models;
Accounting models
for forecasting the consequences of planned actions in terms of standard accounting quantities ;

4. DSSs Categories (Alter 1977)
Representational models
for forecasting the non-financial consequences of planned actions ;
Optimization models
for providing guidelines for action by generating optimal solutions consistent with constraints on inputs ;
Suggestion models
for the rule-based generation of decisions in well structured, repetitive contexts.

5. DSS sub-fields

6. DSS sub-fields
Personal DSSs are designed to assist individual managers in their decision-making tasks.
Group DSSs are designed to support groups or teams of decision makers.
Negotiation support systems facilitate negotiation processes involving opposing parties.
Intelligent DSSs combine artificial intelligence and decision analytical techniques to enhance decision-making capabilities.
نظم دعم التفاوض تسهل عمليات التفاوض التي تنطوي على الأطراف المتنازعة.

7. DSS sub-fields
Knowledge management DSSs aid decision making by augmenting organizational memory and facilitating knowledge storage, access, retrieval and dissemination.
Data warehousing provides access to large- scale data sets and historical data collected from internal and external sources.
Enterprise reporting and analysis systems are dedicated to aiding enterprise decision making. They include EISs and business intelligence tools and corporate performance measurement systems.
إدارة المعرفة DSSS: مساعدات صنع القرار من خلال زيادة الذاكرة التنظيمية وتسهيل تخزين المعرفة والحصول عليها واسترجاعها ونشرها.

8. Group DSSs DSS need shading for their design and use within a group.
Computer supported co-operative work (CSCW) or groupware are used as generic terms for software designed for such use.
Groupware may be distinguished by whether the group ‘meets’
at the same time in the same place;
at the same time, but in different places;
at different times.

9. Intelligent DSSs
Intelligent DSSs are interactive computer-based systems that use data, expert knowledge and models to help DMs in organizations solve semi-structured problems by incorporating AI techniques.
AI can increase the impact of DSSs on organizations by incorporating machine-based expertise.

10. Intelligent DSS Roles
An intelligent DSS can take three different roles depending on the type of information provided:
A constant guard, preventing any misleading occurring when the users have to deal with incomplete information;
An intelligent assistant, anticipating the user’ s needs and carrying out all the necessary computations when there is sufficient information;
An information filter, removing any redundant or superfluous data when information overflow occurs.
حارس المستمر، ومنع أي تضليل تحدث عندما يكون لدى المستخدمين على التعامل مع معلومات غير كاملة. مساعد ذكي، وتوقع احتياجات المستخدم والقيام بجميع العمليات الحسابية اللازمة عندما يكون هناك ما يكفي من المعلومات. عامل تصفية المعلومات، إزالة أية بيانات زائدة عن الحاجة أو زائدة عندما يحدث تجاوز من المعلومات.

11. Designing Intelligent DSSs
Develop a multi-purpose ES that supports several aspects of the decision-making process
such as problem formulation and criteria modeling, and make it a central component of the DSS.
Develop an ES as a separate DSS component.
The ES can be used to integrate the database and a model base in an intelligent manner ;
provide input to the DSS,
classifying the problem and generating alternatives ;
and interpret the results of the DSS when it is faster and cheaper to obtain explanations from an ES than from a human expert or when the quality of the explanations provided is superior.

12. Designing Intelligent DSSs
Develop several ESs to support the functionalities of DSS components and the interaction between the DSS and the DM.
In this architecture, an ES can undertake one of the following roles:
an intelligent agent for managing the database;
an intelligent agent for managing the model base;
the management and customization of the user interface;
an adviser or consultant to the users;
an adviser or consultant to the DSS developers.

13. Design of DSSs
Guide DMs towards the ideals of behavior encoded in normative models.
The models like SEU embedded in DSSs encode the normative ideals;
their calculations ensure that their output is compatible with the canons of rationality that the DMs would like to adopt.
The design of the interface should recognize potential pitfalls and biases in DMs’ perceptions.

14. Evaluation of DSSs
Evaluation is one of the important activities in developing a DSS.
It is easy to take a place at the end, but it will easier and less expensive to apply it from the beginning.
The main aim of the evaluation process is to verify and validate a DSS.

15. Thanks