1. Punishments should know no degree or grade, but from ministers of state and generals down to great officers and ordinary folk, whoever does not obey the king’s commands, violates the laws of the state, or rebels against the statutes fixed by the ruler should be guilty of death and should not be pardoned.  Merit acquired in the past should not cause a decrease in the punishment for demerit later, nor should good behavior in the past cause any ignoring of the law for wrong done later.  If loyal ministers and sons do wrong, they should be judged according to the full measure of their guilt, and if among the officials who have to maintain the law and to uphold an office, there are those who do not carry out the king’s law, they are guilty of death and should not be pardoned, but their punishment should be extended to their family for three generations.  Colleagues who, knowing their offense, inform their superiors will themselves escape punishment…. Therefore I say that if there are severe penalties that extend to the whole family, people will not dare to try [how far they can go], and as they dare not try, no punishments will be necessary...
Shang Yang, China, 390 BC – 338 BC
an important statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States Period of Chinese history.  with the support of Duke Xiao of Qin Yang enacted numerous reforms in Qin. These were in accordance with his legalist philosophy as recorded in The Book of Lord Shang and assisted Qin in its change from a peripheral state to that of a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom. He changed the administration of the state through an emphasis on meritocracy and devolvement of power from the nobility

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
(self-knowledge,
fulfillment of
personal potential)
Esteem
(autonomy, achievement, recognition)
Social
(belonging, affection)
Safety
(security, protection from harm)
Physiological
(Hunger, thirst, shelter)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

3. What does it mean to be civilized?
18th Century European
Civilized vs. primitive
White vs. everyone else
Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization:
Cities
Organized central governments
Complex religions
Social classes
Job specialization and the arts
Writing

4. Why civilizations fall
External
War
Natural disaster
Disease
Internal
Overpopulation
Economic problems
Social disruption
Political struggles

5. How do civilizations collapse?
Population size and density decrease dramatically
Society tends to become less politically centralized
Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature
Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminished
The flow of information among people slows
The ruling elites may change, but usually the working classes tend to remain and provide continuity

6. Is it possible to prevent collapse?
Every society must:
answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care.
provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work).
provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on).
provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society.
provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy).
provide meaning and motivation to its members.
Thuman and Bennet

7. River Valley Civilizations
Egypt
Mesopotamia

9. Egypt

10. Favorable Geography Benefits of Nile Natural Boundaries Rich soil
Water
Transportation
Natural Boundaries

11. Egyptian History Lower Egypt (north) Upper Egypt (south)
Early gov’ts to control Nile
Eventually combined:
Lower Egypt (north)
Upper Egypt (south)
Old Kingdom
3,100-2,200 BC
Pyramids built as tombs

12. Egyptian History Middle Kingdom 2,200-1,730 BC Age of Nobles
Canal from Nile to Red Sea
Ended by Hyksos with horses/chariots

13. Egyptian History New Kingdom 1,570-1100 BC The Empire Ramses II
Tutankhamen

14. Egyptian Life Pharaoh=absolute monarch Privileged aristocracy
Pharaoh & his family
Nobles
Priests
Unprivileged masses
Peasants
Slaves

15. Egyptian Life Economic activities Religious beliefs
Depended chiefly on agriculture
Glassblowing
Imported timber and copper
Religious beliefs
Polytheistic
Mummification

16. Egyptian Contributions
Math
Surveyed land
Art
Huge stone statues
Carved/painted various scenes
Architecture & engineering
Pyramids and temples
Dams and irrigation canals

17. Egyptian Contributions
Hieroglyphs on papyrus
History
Scientific/Math knowledge
Government/Business records
Science
Solar-year calendar (365 days)
Prepared mummies
Recognized/Treated diseases

18. Mesopotamia

19. Fertile Crescent Divided into: East West
Tigris and Euphrates river valleys (Mesopotamia)
West
Eastern Mediterranean coast

20. Influence of Geography
Rivers/Coastline
Seaports/trade developed
Lack of stone
Clay for construction & writing
Low, level plains
No natural barriers to invasion

21. Peoples
Sumerians
Babylonians
Hebrews
Phoenicians
Lydians
Hittites
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Persians

22. Sumerians 4,000BC-Independent city-states Contributions
Cuneiform on clay tablets
System of numbers based on 60
Basis of time and rotation units
Architecture
Invented arch
Built ziggurats

23. Babylonians 1750 BC led by Hammurabi Contributions
Conquered other city-states
Contributions
Code of Hammurabi
Astronomy
Led to astrology

24. Hebrews Contributions
BC-moved from SE tip of Fertile Crescent to SW
Conquered by various Mesopotamian peoples
Contributions
Monotheism
Old Testament
Emphasis on high moral principles

25. Phoenicians 1200-800 BC-north of Palestine on Mediterranean coast
Traded throughout Mediterranean
Established colonies
Specialized in purple (royal color)
Contributions
Missionaries of civilization
Alphabet

26. Lydians After 1000 BC lived in Asia Minor Contribution
Coinage of money

27. Hittites
About 2000 BC appeared in northern Asia Minor (area rich in iron)
Contribution
Iron

28. Assyrians After 800 BC built an empire Contributions
Learned about iron from Hittites
Conquered Fertile Crescent/Egypt
Terrorized enemies and subjects
Contributions
Government
Divided empire into provinces
Built military roads
Library
Art

29. Chaldeans 612 BC overthrew Assyrians Contributions
Gained control of Fertile Crescent
Established 2nd Babylonian Empire
Contributions
Architecture
Nebuchadnezzar Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Astronomy

30. Persians 6th century BC expanded from Plateau of Iran Contributions
Largest empire yet seen
Contributions
Government
Provinces ruled by satrap
Eyes and Ears of the King
Roads for military and trade
Coined money

31. Persians (cont’d.) Contributions Spread of culture Religion
Treated subject peoples humanely
Adopted ideas and practices from their conquered peoples
Stimulated interchange among peoples
Religion
Good and evil

34. River Valley Civilizations
Egypt
Mesopotamia