1. 10.2 ISLAM EXPANDS Mr. Marijanovich

2. 10.2 Objectives
Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam.
List conflicts within the Umayyad state.
Explain how rivalries split Islam.

3. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Muhammad did not name a successor or instruct Muslims how to name a successor
Muslims followed tribal customs and decided on…
Abu-Bakr, Muhammad’s close friend
First caliph after Muhammad died
Caliph means “successor”

4. Rightly Guided Caliphs
Four Rightly Guided
Abu-Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali
Used the Quran and Muhammad’s example to lead
Their rule was called a “caliphate”

5. TIME OUT #1  TURN TO THE PERSON NEXT TO YOU!
- TELL THEM THE DEFINITION OF THE WORD “CALIPH”
- Where did the Caliphates get an example to lead? Write it down here…

6. Rightly Guided cont. Abu-Bakr pledged to uphold Muhammad’s teachings
Many Muslims left the religion after his death
Others claimed to be prophets themselves
Abu-Bakr invoked “jihad”
“Jihad”= inner struggle against evil; striving; armed struggle against unbelievers
Abu-Bakr used this to expand the empire

7. EXPANSION Under Abu-Bakr = all of Arabia
Under Umar = Syria and Lower Egypt
Under Uthman & Ali = Atlantic Ocean to Indus River

8. EXPANSION cont.
Muslims saw success as a sign from God to continue their mission
Armies
Expertly trained
Well disciplined
Persecuted people of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires welcomed invaders
(This helped Muslims succeed)

9. TREATMENT OF CONQUERED PEOPLES
Non-Muslims in the Islamic empire were allowed to follow their own religion
BUT THEY HAD TO
Pay a tax for not being Muslim
Pay a tax to be exempt from the military
Jews and Christians in conquered lands were not allowed to spread their faith, but could be officials and scholars.

10. INTERNAL CONFLICT Uthman was murdered
Disagreement over who was to succeed him:
Ali - cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Or
Muawiya - governor of Damascus
Ali won but was later murdered, and the elective system died with him.

11. Move to Empires The Umayyad family took over after Ali’s murder
Moved Muslim capital to Damascus, Syria
Centralized location
Others felt it was too far and wasteful
Division in the Muslim community grew

12. Sunni-Shi’a Split
Some resisted Umayyad rule and believed the leadership should be in the family of the prophet = Shi’a (“party” of Ali)
Those who went along with the Umayyad = Sunni (followers of Muhammad’s example)
Sufi’s = rejected the luxurious life of the Ummayads
Pursued a life of poverty and devotion to faith

13. DESCRIBE THE REASON WHY THE 3 DIFFERENT PARTIES SPLIT…
TIME OUT #2 
TURN TO A PARTNER TO DISCUSS AND THEN WRITE DOWN:
DESCRIBE THE REASON WHY THE 3 DIFFERENT PARTIES SPLIT…

14. ABBASID DYNASTY Umayyad’s were overthrown in 750 A.D.
Taken over by Abbasid Dynasty
Killed all remaining Umayyads but one escaped
Set up the Umayyad Dynasty in Spain
Spain was previously conquered by the Berbers of North Africa

15. ABBASID CASTLE IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ

16. ABBASID DYNASTY (750-1258) Capital = Baghdad, Iraq
Easier to control empire and trade routes
Strong bureaucracy
Income = they taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim’s wealth
Too difficult to control the empire
Smaller empires (e.g. Fatimid) arose

17. Fatimid Caliphate
It was an independent Muslim state that sprang up during the Abbasid rule
Formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
Began in North Africa and spread out across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria

18. Muslim Trade Network Engaged in land and sea trade
Banks opened in many cities throughout the empire
Single language and single currency made trade easier
The word “check” and the concept of a check was invented during this time. (from “sakks”)
Huge Muslim cities and trade gave birth to achievements in the arts and sciences (Sec. 10.3)