1. The Articular System-Joints
Skeletal System
The Articular System-Joints

2. Standard 12
Explain the structure and function of joints in the body by distinguishing among the three classifications (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis). Detail the bones involved in each joint, supply examples, and summarize the methods by which joints assist in movement. In addition, be able to locate and describe joint-related structures such as tendons, ligaments, bursae, and cartilage. Summarize what happens to joints when cartilage erodes.
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

3. Objectives Students will be able to…
Identify the 3 classifications of joints.
Identify the 6 types of joints in the body.
Give examples of bones that make up the 6 types of joints.
Identify the supporting structures of joints.
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

4. Introduction Articulation - union between two or more bones
Can be mobile or immobile
Examples
sutures between skull bones
knee or elbow joint
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5. The Classification of Joints

6. Synarthroses No movement
suture - bones connected by thin layer connective tissue (skull)
syndesmosis - connected by ligaments between bones (radius and ulna)
Gomphosis – bone housed within a socket (teeth)
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7. Amphiarthroses Slight movement
symphysis - connected by disk of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)
synchondrosis - connected by hyaline cartilage (growth plate between diaphysis and epiphyses)
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8. Synovial Joints Free movement Capsule with internal cavity
Capsule composition - fibrous cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscle, synovial membranes
Functions - weight bearing and movement
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9. Structure of a Synovial Joint
Needs Fig 8-1
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10. Movements of Synovial Joints

11. Movements of Synovial Joints
Flexion/Extension
Dorsiflexion/Planter flexion
Abduction/Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
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12. Movements of Synovial Joints
Supination/Pronation
Eversion/Inversion
Protraction/Retraction
Opposition/Reposition
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13. ©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

14. Discussion and Objectives covered
So far we have covered the following objectives:
Students will be able to identify the 3 classifications of joints.
What are these 3 classifications?
Applying what you have learned about joints, what body movements would be impossible if synovial joints did not have free movement?
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

15. The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints

16. Synovial Joints Ball and Socket
Ball-and-socket - widest range of movement
shoulder
hip
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17. Synovial Joints Hinge Hinge - flexion and extension only knee elbow
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18. Synovial Joints- Pivot
Pivot - rotation in one plane
atlas and axis (cervical spine)
rotation of the head
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19. Synovial Joints- Condyloid
Condyloid - motion in two planes at right angles
radius and carpal bones
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20. Synovial Joints- Saddle
Saddle - motion in two planes at right angles
only found in the thumb
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21. Synovial Joints- Gliding
Gliding - gliding motion
intervertebral joints in spine
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

22. Discussion and Objectives covered
So far we have covered the following objectives
Students will be able to Identify the 3 classifications of joints.
Students will be able to Identify the 6 types of joints in the body.
Students will be able to give examples of bones that make up the 6 types of joints.
What are the names of the 6 types of joints?
Give examples of the bones that make up these joints.
Applying what you have learned, which types of joint are being utilized when you walk?
We will now cover our last objective
Students will be able to identify the supporting structures of joints.

23. So what holds these joints together?
Ligaments connect Bone to Bone
Tendons connect muscle to bone
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

24. Ligament
A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together for stability
Ligaments always connect bones at their joints.

25. Tendon
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.
connects the end of a muscle to any place on the bone

26. Bursae Closed sacs prevent friction between tissues
Where are Bursea located?
Between bones of the joints
Subcutaneous - between skin and underlying bony processes
Subfascial - between overlying muscles
Subtendinous - between overlying tendons or bony projections
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

27. Subcutaneous Bursae
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

28. Discussion and Objectives Covered
We have now covered all of our objectives.
Students will be able to…
Identify the 3 classifications of joints.
Identify the 6 types of joints in the body.
Give examples of bones that make up the 6 types of joints.
Identify the supporting structures of joints.
What structures hold joints together?
Why would an athlete need strong supporting structures in their joints?

29. Cartilage
Rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints
Discussion: Hypothesis what will happen to the joint if all the cartilage wears away?  
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

30. Joint Replacement Surgery
Hip Replacement 3 minutes
Knee replacement 2 minutes
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

31. Activity We will now play Skeletal joints charades.
Each team will be given an index care with an action to complete. Act out the activity listed on the card.
The rest of the class will have to guess the action, give at least 3 bones used to perform the action, and at least 2 types of joints used.
In your skeleton model groups, work to label an example of each of the 6 types of joints.
Exit ticket
Individually answer the following questions on the next slide. Turn into the basket

32. Exit Ticket Individual work Which type of joint is immovable?
Give an example, why does it need to be immovable?
List the 6 types of joints. Explain what type of movement each allow.
Turn into the basket.
©2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.