1. U.S. Expansionism: An Imperial Power?

2. Realism vs. Idealism In US Foreign Policy, what does Realism mean?
What does Idealism mean?

3. Washington’s Farewell Address
U.S. Expansionism:
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Treat all nations equally
• Avoid alliances except in emergencies; unilateralism
• Follow policy of neutrality in all dealings with other countries

5. U.S. Expansionism: Manifest Destiny
• James K. Polk presidential campaign
• “The destiny of the U.S. to stretch from sea to sea”

6. U.S. Expansionism: The Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe’s 1823 State of the Union address:
• U.S. non-interference in Europe and vice-versa
• Declared American continents “closed” to further colonization- Europe stay out of new places in Western Hemisphere

7. U.S. Expansionism:
Mexican War

8. Essential Question:
Why did America
join the imperialist
club at the end
of the 19c?

9. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

10. 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

11. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

12. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

13. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

14. 5. Closing the American Frontier

15. Alaska

16. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

17. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

18. U.S. Expansionism: Alaska (1867) • Purchased by Sec. of State Seward
• $7.2 Million (less than 2¢ an acre)
• Logging and Mining resources

19. U.S. Expansionism:
U.S. in the Pacific

20. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

21. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

22. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

23. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

24. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1893 – American businessmen-backed uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

25. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

26. U.S. Expansionism: U.S. in the Pacific
• Samoa (1878) - Protectorate for refueling
• Hawaii (1898)
- 1820’s Missionaries bought land, cattle and sugar
Queen Liliuokalani overthrown by American sugar planters
- U.S. wanted “Open Door Policy” to trade in Asia
Hawaii annexed at beginning of Spanish-American War

27. Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii

28. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan by force: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

29. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War 1898

30. Cuba

31. The Imperialist Tailor

32. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

33. Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

34. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Cuba
• One of the oldest Spanish colonies
• Cubans began fighting for independence 1868 & 1898
• Guerrilla fighters began burning American-owned sugar plantations
• Spanish crackdown on civilians brutally (up to 200,000 died in detention centers)

35. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

36. Yellow Journalism

37. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Yellow Journalism
• Yellow Journalism reported incidents in Cuba
• Hearst vs. Pulitzer - competition to sell papers
• Exaggerated circumstances – inflamed public
“You furnish the pictures, and I’ll supply the war”
- W.R. Hearst

38. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

39. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

40. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War De Lome Letter
• Spanish diplomat called President McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”
USS Maine
• U.S. ship sent to protect American citizens explodes in Havana harbor
• U.S. blames Spain despite lack of evidence
• Despite Spain’s agreement for peace, American public demanded war

41. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

42. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

43. The “Rough Riders”

44. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Teller Amendment
• Included by Congress in approving war request
• Stated after the war ended, the U.S. would
“leave control of the island to its people”
Platt Amendment
• U.S. maintains right to intervene in Cuban affairs
• U.S. maintains economic control over Cuba and leases land for base at Guantanamo Bay

45. The US then maintains a great deal of
economic and political control in Cuba-
until the revolution in 1959, led by Fidel Castro

46. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War First Battle
• Manila Bay, Philippines
• Dewey leads Navy to victory over outdated Spanish fleet
Decisive Cuban Battle
• The Battle of San Juan Hill
• Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” get credit despite Tenth Negro Cavalry’s heroics

47. U.S. Expansionism: Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris (1899)
• officially ended the “splendid little war” – John Hay, Secretary of State
• U.S. gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
• Filipinos were not happy about trading Spanish rule for American rule, vowed to keep fighting

48. So what should the US do?
Leave the Philippines alone?
Annex this Pacific nation?

49. The
Philippines

50. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

51. Dewey Captures Manila!

52. Is He To Be a Despot?

53. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

54. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.

55. Our “Sphere of Influence”

56. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

57. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

58. Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903)
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Senator Orville Platt

59. DILEMMA--Did
U. S. citizenship
follow the flag??

60. U.S. Expansionism: Filipino Uprising • Emilio Aguinaldo
• Guerrilla war lasts 2 ½ years
• 7,000+ U.S. casualties / 20,000 Filipino soldiers
• Over 200,000 Filipino civilians died
• U.S. tactics ended up being brutally similar to ones used by Spain
• Philippine Independence not granted until 1946

61. U.S. Expansionism: China
• Spheres of Influence established sole trading rights for Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan
• U.S. proposed “Open Door Policy” for equal trade rights
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Chinese uprising to expel all foreigners from China
• European and U.S. forces put down rebellion
• U.S. helped maintain Chinese independence