1. Ch. 1: Reconstruction (1865-1877)

2. I. Plans for Reconstruction Clash
The Challenges of Reconstruction
Reconstruction (1865–1877), the federal government’s returning the eleven southern states to the Union, rebuilding the South’s ruined economy, and promoting the rights of former slaves.

4. The Civil War devastated the South’s economy.

5. “Forty acres and a mule”
General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed that millions of acres should be given to former slaves.
never became a reality

6. Thirteenth Amendment - freed African Americans from slavery

7. Competing Reconstruction Plans Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan –
ten percent of a state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the Union,
the state’s constitution abolished slavery and provided education for African Americans, then the state would regain representation in Congress.

8. With malice toward none, and charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
—Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 1865

12. “Radical Republicans”
- advocated full citizenship, including the right to vote, for African Americans.
- They favored punishment and harsh terms for the South
- they supported Sherman’s plan to confiscate Confederates’ land
- Led by Representative Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner

13. Wade-Davis Bill - required that a majority of voters swear loyalty to the Union &demanded guarantees of African American equality.
President Lincoln killed this plan with a “pocket veto”

14. Freedmen’s Bureau - its goal was to provide food, clothing, health care, and education for both African American and poor whites in the South

15. Freedmen’s Bureau School

17. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
What were some of the successes and failures of Congressional Reconstruction?

18. The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction
Lincoln’s death thrust his Vice President, Andrew Johnson, into the presidency.
Johnson offered pardons to almost any Confederate who swore allegiance to the Union.
His main requirement was that each state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.
Johnson resented wealthy planters and required that they personally apply to him for a pardon.

19. By the time Congress reconvened in December 1865, most Confederate states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission.
All of the states instituted black codes—laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans.
The codes prohibited African Americans from owning land, and set up vagrancy laws.
violence and intimidation were used to enforce the black codes.

20. Black Codes
Purpose:
Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
What were some of the successes and failures of Congressional Reconstruction?

21. When southern representatives arrived in Washington, D. C
When southern representatives arrived in Washington, D.C., Congress refused them their seats.

22. When Congress passed a bill to allow the Freedmen’s Bureau to continue, Johnson vetoed it.
Congress sought to overturn the black codes by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Johnson used his veto to block the law, openly defying Congress.

23. D. Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction
for the first time ever, Congress passed major legislation over a President’s veto.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law.

24. Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It guaranteed equal protection under the law for all citizens.

25. Congress again passed legislation over Johnson’s veto with the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867.
The act divided the into five military districts governed by former Union generals.

26. Johnson's Impeachment -
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act- the President needed Senate approval to remove certain officials from office.
Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, (Radical Republican)

27. the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson - to charge him with wrongdoing in office
the Radicals failed by one vote to remove Johnson from office.
Johnson had promised to enforce the Reconstruction Acts.

28. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant (R) was elected President.
Fifteenth Amendment – allowed African American men to vote.

29. 1.2: Reconstruction Changes the South
By 1870, all of the former Confederate states had met the requirements under Radical Reconstruction and rejoined the Union.
Republicans dominated their newly established state governments.

30. 1,500 African American took on roles in state and local governments.
Millions of southern African American men were now voters & many white southerners were not eligible to vote.

31. • HIRAM REVELS – 1ST BLACK SENATOR - TOOK JEFFERSON DAVIS’ SEAT
What were some of the successes and failures of Congressional Reconstruction?

32. Black Senate & House Delegates
What were some of the successes and failures of Congressional Reconstruction?

33. The Republican Party attracted not only African American southerners but also others who sought change and challenge.
Scalawags, were white men who had joined the Republican party.

34. Carpetbaggers- northerners who moved south after the Civil War to make their fortunes from the South’s misfortune.

35. the Republican Party did not support women’s suffrage
Mandated by Reconstruction state constitutions, public schools grew slowly
Many southerners remained illiterate. The quality of medical care, housing, and economic production lagged far behind the North

36. Corruption Hinders Reconstruction
Some of the most attractive arenas for corruption involved the developing railroads.

37. The majority of African American families remained in rural areas.
Freedmen’s Bureau schools filled quickly.
the Freedmen’s Bureau aided African American colleges.
The African American church was an important component of Reconstruction education.

38. Land Distribution in the South
the South had a large number of white citizens with little or no land.
After the war, millions of landless southern white people were competing with millions of landless African American people for work as farm laborers on the land of others.
As a result, many southerners adopted one of three arrangements: sharecropping, share-tenancy, or tenant-farming.

39. sharecropping - a landowner dictated the crop and provided the sharecropper with a place to live, as well as seeds and tools, in return for a “share” of the harvested crop.
sharecroppers were perpetually in debt to the landowner

40. Share-tenancy - the farmworker chose what crop he would plant and bought his own supplies.

41. tenant farming - the tenant paid cash rent to a landowner and then was free to choose and manage his own crop—and free to choose where he would live.

43. Changes in the South Spark Violence
Ku Klux Klan - these gangs aimed to scare freed people away from voting.
The U.S. Congress took action, passing Enforcement Acts - there was a decline in violence against Republicans and African Americans.

44. 1.3: Reconstruction's Impact
Reconstruction Comes to an End
Gradually and quietly, beginning in 1871, troops were withdrawn from the South.
In 1872, the Freedmen’s Bureau was dissolved.
Faith in the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant faded, and the Republican Party began to splinter.
corruption plagued the Grant's administration

45. Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed African American citizens the right to ride trains and use public facilities, such as hotels.

46. Redeemers - white southerners around the goal of regaining power in Congress

47. The Disputed Election of 1876 Ends Reconstruction
The 1876 election pitted Ohio Republican Rutherford B. Hayes against New York Democrat Samuel Tilden.
Republicans & Democrats claimed that the votes had been miscounted in three southern states

48. 1876 Presidential Tickets

49. Why did Reconstruction end?

50. Compromise of 1877 - Hayes was elected President
Compromise of Hayes was elected President. In return, the remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South,
Federal Reconstruction was over.
The South and the millions of recently freed African Americans were left to negotiate their own fate.

51. Reconstruction Leaves a Mixed Legacy

52. The South Restricts African American Rights
Jim Crow laws that kept African Americans and whites segregated

53. poll tax - which required voters to pay a tax to vote.
literacy tests – test that needed to passed to vote
grandfather clauses - allowed a person to vote as long as his ancestors had voted prior to 1866 or 1867

54. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Jim Crow laws.

55. African American Leaders Seek Reform
Booker T. Washington - argued that African Americans needed to accommodate themselves to segregation.
Instead, he called for African Americans to build up their economic resources

56. W.E.B. Du Bois - argued that African Americans should demand full and immediate equality and not limit themselves to vocational education.

57. Ida B. Wells - embarked on a lifelong crusade against lynching