1. The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750–190024
The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750–1900

2. Figure 24. 1 A Chinese laundry shop, 1855
Figure A Chinese laundry shop, Chinese workers began to reach the United States in the mid-19th century, part of a larger stream of Asian labor migrations to many areas in the world. The mostly uneducated and unskilled Chinese workers first came to America in response to advertising by railroad companies, who wanted cheap labor to build the Western railroads. Although the new immigrants faced resentment from American workers, both because of job competition and because of real or imagined differences in values, the Chinese managed to establish themselves in some additional types of work, especially laundries. These enterprises were attractive to the Chinese because they required little specialized skill or capital, and American men did not object to Chinese laundries, as they considered laundry to be "women's work."
Figure A Chinese laundry shop, Chinese workers began to reach the United States in the mid-19th century, part of a larger stream of Asian labor migrations to many areas in the world. The mostly uneducated and unskilled Chinese workers first came to America in response to advertising by railroad companies, who wanted cheap labor to build the Western railroads. Although the new immigrants faced resentment from American workers, both because of job competition and because of real or imagined differences in values, the Chinese managed to establish themselves in some additional types of work, especially laundries. These enterprises were attractive to the Chinese because they required little specialized skill or capital, and American men did not object to Chinese laundries, as they considered laundry to be "women's work."

3. Chapter Overview Context for Revolution The Age of Revolution
The Industrial Revolution: First Phases
The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1900
Cultural Transformations
Western Settler Societies
Diplomatic Tensions and World War I

4. TIMELINE C.E. to 1900 C.E.
TIMELINE C.E. to 1900 C.E.

5. TIMELINE (continued) 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

6. Context for Revolution
Forces of Change
Enlightenment
Commercialization
Population revolution
Proto-industrialization

7. The Age of Revolution The American Revolution
1775, outbreak of the Revolution
French aid
1776, Declaration of Independence
1789, new constitution

8. The Age of Revolution Crisis in France in 1789 French Revolution
Enlightenment influence
1789, Louis XVI calls parliament
Assembly
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
July 14, Bastille attacked

9. The Age of Revolution Crisis in France in 1789 Principles
Serfdom abolished
Equality for men
End to aristocratic privilege
Church privilege ended
Elective parliament

10. Visualizing the Past The French Revolution in Cartoons

11. The Age of Revolution
The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases
Reaction
Church
Aristocracy
Foreign powers

12. The Age of Revolution
The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases
Radical shift
King executed
Guillotine
Reign of Terror
Maximilien de Robespierre
1795, more moderate government
Nationalism

13. The Age of Revolution
The French Revolution: Radical and Authoritarian Phases
Napoleon Bonaparte
Authoritarian
Supports key principles
Expansionist
Empire
Most of Europe by 1812
1815, defeated

14. Map Napoleon's Empire in 1812 By 1812, France dominated Europe to the borders of Russia, but Napoleon's decision to invade Russia proved disastrous, as his army was soon mired in the bitter cold and deep snows of a harsh Russian winter. Defeated in 1814, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba (shown above) but he escaped and returned to power. After final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), he was exiled to the remote South Atlantic island of St. Helena.
Map Napoleon's Empire in 1812 By 1812, France dominated Europe to the borders of Russia, but Napoleon's decision to invade Russia proved disastrous, as his army was soon mired in the bitter cold and deep snows of a harsh Russian winter. Defeated in 1814, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba (shown above) but he escaped and returned to power. After final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), he was exiled to the remote South Atlantic island of St. Helena.

15. The Age of Revolution
A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy
Congress of Vienna of 1815
Political movements
Conservatives – return to pre-Napoleonic Europe
Liberals
Revolution too Risky
Constitutional rule
Protection of freedoms
Especially middle class

16. The Age of Revolution
A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy
Radicals
Extension of voting rights
Socialism
Attack property rights
Nationalists
National unity and glory

17. The Age of Revolution
A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary Legacy
Spread of Revolutions, 1820s, 1830s
Greek Revolution
Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium
Extension of male suffrage
Reform Bill of 1832, Britain
Vote for middle class men
United States
Universal adult male suffrage

18. The Industrial Revolution: First Phases
Industrialization and the Revolutions of 1848
Lower classes
Political action
Chartist movement
Britain accommodates demands
Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary
France, 1848, monarch overthrown

19. The Industrial Revolution: First Phases
Industrialization and the Revolutions of 1848
Goals
Liberal constitutions
Social reform
End of serfdom
Women's rights
Ethnic demands

20. Figure 24. 2 The 1848 revolution in Berlin
Figure The 1848 revolution in Berlin. After months of maneuvering, negotiation, and street clashes, the revolutionaries agreed on a liberal constitution that would have established a constitutional monarchy. When they offered the crown under these terms to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who had initially given in to the demands of the crowds, he politely declined, saying in private that he could not accept a crown "from the gutter." Friedrich Wilhelm believed he ruled by divine right—not by the consent of the governed. The great difference between the king's and the reformers' views of constitutional monarchy was indicative of the chasm that existed in mid-19th-century Europe between advocates of aristocratic and democratic government.
Figure The 1848 revolution in Berlin. After months of maneuvering, negotiation, and street clashes, the revolutionaries agreed on a liberal constitution that would have established a constitutional monarchy. When they offered the crown under these terms to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who had initially given in to the demands of the crowds, he politely declined, saying in private that he could not accept a crown "from the gutter." Friedrich Wilhelm believed he ruled by divine right—not by the consent of the governed. The great difference between the king's and the reformers' views of constitutional monarchy was indicative of the chasm that existed in mid-19th-century Europe between advocates of aristocratic and democratic government.

21. Map 24. 2 Industrialization in Europe, c
Map Industrialization in Europe, c By the mid-19th century, industrialization had spread across Europe, aided by the development of railroad links and canals that brought resources to the new factories and transported their finished goods to world markets.
Map Industrialization in Europe, c By the mid-19th century, industrialization had spread across Europe, aided by the development of railroad links and canals that brought resources to the new factories and transported their finished goods to world markets.

22. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914
The Second Industrial Revolution
Combustion engines
Chemicals industry
Methods of work discipline

23. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914
Adjustments to Industrial Life
Families
Birth and death rates down
Hygiene
Louis Pasteur
Labor movements
Unions
Rural cooperatives
Market goods, buy supplies more efficiently

24. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914
Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations
After 1850, leaders learn to adopt change
Benjamin Disraeli
Vote for working-class males, 1867
Camillo di Cavour
Supports industrialization
Otto von Bismarck
Vote for all adult males

25. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914
Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations
American Civil War
Nationalism used
Bismarck
German Unification, 1871
Real Politik
Italy
Transformismo

26. Map The Unification of Italy The map shows the main separate states before unification, and when they added to the new nation.
Map The Unification of Italy The map shows the main separate states before unification, and when they added to the new nation.

27. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914
The Social Question and New Government Functions
School systems
Literacy increases
Compulsory education
Welfare
Health, old age, accidents (Germany)

28. Map The Unification of Germany, 1815–1871 This map shows the stages of unification, under Prussian impetus, from 1866 to 1871.
Map The Unification of Germany, 1815–1871 This map shows the stages of unification, under Prussian impetus, from 1866 to 1871.

29. The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914
The Social Question and New Government Functions
Social reform becomes key political issue.
Social question
Socialism
Karl Marx
Parties in Germany, Austria, France, 1880s
Revisionism
Feminism
Women gain right to vote in many countries.

30. Figure 24. 3 Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst
Figure Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst. In her 1914 autobiography, Pankhurst recalled the early stirrings of feminism in her childhood: "The education of the English boy, then as now, was considered a much more serious matter than the education of the English boy's sister Of course [I] went to a carefully selected girls' school, but beyond the facts that the head mistress was a gentlewoman and that all the pupils were girls of my own class, nobody seemed concerned. A girl's education at that time seemed to have for its prime object the art of 'making home attractive'— presumably to migratory male relatives. It used to puzzle me to understand why I was under such a particular obligation to make home attractive to my brothers. We were on excellent terms of friendship, but it was never suggested to them as a duty that they make home attractive to me. Why not? Nobody seemed to know."
Figure Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst. In her 1914 autobiography, Pankhurst recalled the early stirrings of feminism in her childhood: "The education of the English boy, then as now, was considered a much more serious matter than the education of the English boy's sister Of course [I] went to a carefully selected girls' school, but beyond the facts that the head mistress was a gentlewoman and that all the pupils were girls of my own class, nobody seemed concerned. A girl's education at that time seemed to have for its prime object the art of 'making home attractive'— presumably to migratory male relatives. It used to puzzle me to understand why I was under such a particular obligation to make home attractive to my brothers. We were on excellent terms of friendship, but it was never suggested to them as a duty that they make home attractive to me. Why not? Nobody seemed to know."

31. Cultural Transformations
Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure
Pleasure-seeking more acceptable
Consumerism and mass leisure culture
Newspapers
Entertainment
Vacations
Leisure a commodity
Team sports
Travel industry

32. Cultural Transformations
Advances in Scientific Knowledge
Rationalism
Charles Darwin
Evolution
Albert Einstein
Relativity
Social Sciences
Science applied to human life
Freud

33. Cultural Transformations
New Directions in Artistic Expression
Romanticism
Opposed to rationalism
Human emotion
Split between artists and scientists

34. Figure Romantic painters delighted in evocative scenes and rural nostalgia, as depicted by John Constable in The Cornfield. (John Constable (1776–1837), "The Cornfield." © The National Gallery, London, Great Britain/ Art Resource, NY.)
Figure Romantic painters delighted in evocative scenes and rural nostalgia, as depicted by John Constable in The Cornfield. (John Constable (1776–1837), "The Cornfield." © The National Gallery, London, Great Britain/ Art Resource, NY.)

35. Figure 24. 5 Paul Cézanne's The Large Bathers (1898–1905)
Figure Paul Cézanne's The Large Bathers (1898–1905). This painting illustrates the artist's abandonment of literal pictorial realism to concentrate on what he considered fundamental. This, along with his use of nudity, alienated the "respectable" public but, by the time of his death in 1906, was beginning to win him critical acclaim. Cézanne painted slowly and was wholly absorbed in his work, spending little time with friends and family. "The landscape," he said, "becomes human, becomes a thinking, living being within me. I become one with my picture We merge in an iridescent chaos." (Paul Cezanne, "The Large Bathers." Oil on Canvas. 6' 10" × 8' 2" (2.08 × 2.49 m). The W. P. Wilstach Collection. Philadelphia Museum of Art.)
Figure Paul Cézanne's The Large Bathers (1898–1905). This painting illustrates the artist's abandonment of literal pictorial realism to concentrate on what he considered fundamental. This, along with his use of nudity, alienated the "respectable" public but, by the time of his death in 1906, was beginning to win him critical acclaim. Cézanne painted slowly and was wholly absorbed in his work, spending little time with friends and family. "The landscape," he said, "becomes human, becomes a thinking, living being within me. I become one with my picture We merge in an iridescent chaos." (Paul Cezanne, "The Large Bathers." Oil on Canvas. 6' 10" × 8' 2" (2.08 × 2.49 m). The W. P. Wilstach Collection. Philadelphia Museum of Art.)

36. Western Settler Societies
Industrialization makes west more powerful
Impact of improved transportation, communication
Emerging Power of the United States
American Civil War, 1861–1865
Spurs industrialization
Culture seen as largely parochial

37. Two Revolutions: Industrial and Atlantic
Both revolutions supported each other
Enlightenment
New population levels
Expansion of commerce
Clashing implications
Atlantic: protect freedoms of press or assembly
Industrial: against organization in favor of production

38. Map Early 19th-Century Settlement in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Immigration led European settlers (and, in North America, enslaved Africans) to key areas previously populated by peoples vulnerable to imported diseases.
Map Early 19th-Century Settlement in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Immigration led European settlers (and, in North America, enslaved Africans) to key areas previously populated by peoples vulnerable to imported diseases.

39. Western Settler Societies
European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Peopled by immigrants
Follow European political, economic, cultural patterns
Canada
Federal system

40. Western Settler Societies
European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Australia
From 1788
Gold rush, agricultural development
Federal system by 1900
New Zealand
Maori defeated by 1860s
Agricultural economy

41. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
Rise of Germany
Bismarck
Unsettles balance of power
European global expansion
Latin America independent
Africa controlled by Europeans
China, Middle East
Zones of European rivalry

42. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
The New Alliance System
By 1907
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France

43. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
The New Alliance System
Instability
Russian Revolution, 1905
Austria-Hungary
Ethnic conflict
Balkans
Nationalism
Free of Ottoman control
Divided by enmities
1914, assassination of Austrian archduke

44. Map The Balkans After the Regional Wars, 1913 The wars pushed the Ottoman empire almost entirely out of the Balkans, but left many small states dissatisfied.
Map The Balkans After the Regional Wars, 1913 The wars pushed the Ottoman empire almost entirely out of the Balkans, but left many small states dissatisfied.

45. Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
Diplomacy and Society
Instability in 1800s
Nationalism
Political division
Industrial pressures