1. 1st and 2nd generation immigrants - a statistical overview -
NTTS Conference 2017
Brussels
Georgiana Ivan & Mihaela Agafiţei

2. Content What is the problem statement?
What are the immigrant groups analysed?
Which are the main findings?

3. What is the problem statement?
Labour mobility
Concepts of national borders and residence have become less relevant due to globalization.
Europe 2020 strategy
"The employment rate of the population aged should increase from the current 69% to at least 75%, including through the greater involvement of women, older workers and the better integration of migrants in the work force";
"To facilitate and promote intra-EU labour mobility and better match labour supply with demand …"

4. What is the problem statement?
Data source: core EU-LFS
a large-sample survey
provides detailed quarterly and annual data on employment, unemployment and economic inactivity
migration data
it does not allow detailed breakdowns as the phenomenon is still relatively marginal in absolute numbers.
a shortage of data on shorter-term labour mobility
only first-generation immigrants can be distinguished

5. What is the problem statement?
Data source: LFS Ad-hoc module
additional information (maximum 11 variables) on selected topics, varying from year to year.
2008 & 2014 Ad-hoc module: the labour market situation of migrants and their immediate descendants
It is planned for repetition in 2021
Main objective: provision of data on the 2nd generation of migrants & other information (main reason for migrating; subjective over-qualification; language skills; main obstacles on the labour market)

6. What is the problem statement?
Why second–generation immigrants?
to address the offspring of parents who migrated to the place where their children were then born and raised.
it answers the question on what is the trans-generational integration trend?
it allows a specific analysis of the background factors and the integration factors
their relative situation with regard to labour force participation is viewed as a significant element of integration as a whole.
it provides objective statistical information to feed the current debates about the 2nd immigrants in Europe

7. What is the problem statement?
EU-LFS - Ad-hoc module
…looks to reply questions like:
How large are groups of migrants and, in particular, their immediate descendants?
What is the social, economic, educational and migration history background of migrants?
To what extent does the labour market situation of specific groups of migrants and their descendants differ from that of natives?
What are the main obstacles that migrants and their descendants face in participating in the labour market?

8. What is the problem statement?
First and second-generation immigrants - a statistical overview -
An online Eurostat publication based on data collected by Eurostat from the 2014 Labour force survey ad-hoc module on the ‘Labour market situation of immigrants and their immediate descendants’. The previous 2008 LFS Ad-hoc module on the ‘Labour market situation of immigrants’ was also used to compare the data overtime.

9. What are the immigrant groups analysed?
Population
Immigrants
1st generation
born within the EU
born outside the EU
2nd generation
of EU origin
of non-EU origin
Native-born with native background

10. What are the immigrant groups analysed?
Household population
Native HH
Immigrant HH
1st generation immigrant HH
2nd generation immigrant HH
Mix immigrant HHs
Mix HH

11. What are the immigrant groups analysed?
Household population
Native background HH
EU background HH
Non-EU background HH
Mix background HH

12. Which are main findings?
Demographical characteristics – individual level
In absolute terms, the EU immigrant population increased by two fifths between 2008 and 2014
Four fifths of EU immigrants were living in a handful of countries
2nd generation immigrants were the youngest group among migration groups
Slightly more women than men in the immigrant population
The EU immigrant population tends to settle in cities
About half of immigrants born outside the EU hold the citizenship of their host country
More than half of immigrants of non-EU background came from countries with a high HDI
Non-EU countries are predominant in top three countries of birth of 1st generation immigrants
About half of 1st generation immigrants took the decision to migrate for family reunification

13. Which are main findings?
Demographical characteristics – household level (1)
A little more than a fifth of EU households included at least one immigrant adult
About two thirds of 'immigrant households' in the EU had an adult with non-EU origins in their composition
Households consisting solely of immigrants were mainly 'non-EU background households'
Just over half of 2nd generation immigrant households were single adults without dependent children
Households including at least one adult with a non-EU background were more likely to have dependent children

14. Which are main findings?
Demographical characteristics – household level (2)
'Long-term settled households' are more numerous than 'recent' and 'medium-term settled households'
'Non-EU background households' were mainly 'long-term settled households'
In about half of immigrant households, all adults worked
In about a quarter of 'non-EU background households', none of the adults worked
In slightly more than half of 'medium-term settled households', all adults worked

15. Which are main findings?
Education and skills
EU attracts quite a high proportion of highly skilled immigrants.
Younger people are more educated that older people in all five migration groups.
In every migration group, the percentage of female tertiary graduates is higher than that of male tertiary graduates
Over a third of 1st generation immigrants with a tertiary degree worked in a job that did not require that level of education
A slightly higher percentage of 1st and 2nd generation immigrants of non EU origin declare themselves to be over-qualified as compared with those of EU origin.
Around a third of 1st generation immigrants move to countries in which their mother tongue is spoken

16. Which are main findings?
Labour market indicators
Activity rates of immigrants of ‘non-EU origins’ slightly decreasing, while slightly increasing for the rest of the population groups
Gender gap in activity rates smallest for 2nd generation immigrants with ‘EU origins’
The activity rates were the lowest among low skilled immigrants with ‘non-EU origins’
Activity rate gap between 2nd generation immigrants and ‘native-born with native background’ very small in half of the EU countries and the EU as a whole
Immigrants with non-EU origins most affected by the increase in unemployment rates
Unemployment rates of 2nd generation immigrants’ were higher among men
Youth unemployment highest among non-EU immigrants
Highest unemployment rates for 2nd generation immigrants’ in Greece, Spain and Croatia

17. Which are main findings?
Employment condition
Overall, the labour market conditions of 2nd generation immigrants who are employed are better than those of 1st generation immigrants, and in some cases, even better than those of natives with native background.
At EU level, 2nd generation immigrants’ were the least likely migration status group:
to be self-employed
to have a temporary contract and
to have an atypical working schedule (working during nights, evenings or weekends).
Compared with 2008, both the 1st and 2nd generation of immigrants are less likely to work in manual occupations and therefore more likely to work in service-related or office jobs. This trend is present as well, although less visible in the case of natives with native background.

18. Which are main findings?
Work obstacles
about half of 1st generation immigrants and about two thirds of 2nd generation immigrants did not mention any particular obstacle to finding a suitable job.
the four migration-specific work obstacles altogether affected a fifth of 1st generation immigrants and 2 % of 2nd generation immigrants.
language and communication barriers
lack of recognition of foreign credentials and experience
restricted rights to work
discrimination on social and religious grounds
About a third of immigrants, regardless of generation and origin, experienced a work obstacle other than the four migration-specific work obstacles.
The migration-specific obstacles to finding a suitable work are highly correlated to the length of stay in the host country
Among both generations, people facing one of the four migration-specific work obstacles are concentrated in the core working age group (aged 25-54).

19. Suggestions?
Questions? Remarks?
Thank you for your attention!