1. Changing Social Attitudes
1920’s & 30’s

2. Changing Social Attitudes - 1920’s
1920’s : Years of contrast, conflict and change
After the post-war recession Canada’s economy seemed to boom
New inventions, new forms or entertainment – challenged old values and led to often defiant and bold attitudes and outlooks

3. Changing Social Attitudes - 1920’s
1920’s fashion
fashion

4. Social Problems Gap between rich and poor remained large
Immigration increased creating a backlash of intolerance and a challenge to national identity
Women earned the right to vote and hold office although they had to go to Britain to ask permission to do so
Canada’s Native Peoples forced into a program of assimilation

5. Prohibition
all provinces except Quebec had prohibition – as part of our War Effort. Prohibition ended in most provinces by the early 1920’s
In the U.S. – Prohibition –
Prohibition reduced alcohol by 80%
Illegal distilling, sales and consumption of alcohol took off!
Created tension between Canada and the U.S. as prohibition laws are hard to enforce

6. Prohibition

7. King Byng Affair
1926 – Conservatives accuse Mackenzie King of taking bribes from run-runners – smuggling alcohol into the U.S.
Liberal party looses support and coalition government fails
Kings asks Governor General J. Byng (British appointed) to dissolve parliament and call an election

8. King Byng Affair cont.
Byng refuses, and makes Meighen’s Conservatives the government. Within days they are defeated and an election is called
King resigns– protesting against a British appointed Governor General rejecting the request of a PM
1926 King wins the election – Promises to loosen ties with Britain – Never again will a British appointed GG over-ride a Canadian democratically elected PM

9. William Lyon Mackenzie King
King Byng Affair cont.
Lord Byng
Governor General
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Prime Minister

10. Jazz
U.S. Radio – broadcast up-to-date music, fashion and cultural trends up to Canada
Jazz – African American music from Louisiana
Jazz night-clubs popped up in all major cities (Montreal)

11. Jazz cont. New dance crazes – Charleston, Fox Trot, Lindy
Flapper – fashionable young women who defied the old conventions of proper “famine” behaviour They scandalized the public by abandoning Victorian era clothing
Flappers wore beaded dresses to their knees, cut their hair short and smoked, drank and danced in public

12. Immigration: Backlash and Necessity
1919, 20% population were immigrants
during post-war recession, jobs were scarce – backlash against immigrants (perceived as taking jobs)

13. Immigration: Backlash and Necessity – cont.
Immigration Act 1919 – preferred list. Those who had “peculiar” customs, language and habits were undesirable – seen as difficult to assimilate
1. White, English speaking Britons and Americans
2. Northern Europeans
3. Central and Eastern Europeans
4. Asians, Blacks, Gypsies and Jews
Those that benefited from cheap labour protested the Act (president of CPR)

14. Residential School and Native Resistance
Government policy: To protect / to assimilate
Native self-government not recognized
banned cultural expression: Potlatch , cultural dress, dance

15. Residential School and Native Resistance

16. Residential School and Native Resistance
Residential School: Prepare Native children for assimilation
- far from children’s communities
- students forbidden from speaking their native language
- severely punished for defiance
- hair cut, uniforms (no individuality)
- Christian, white value, curriculum
- Taught menial skills, max grade 5 level

17. Residential School and Native Resistance
Schools under funded: quality of diet, health care, sanitation
Horrendous abuses - went unchecked
Outcome: Students graduated not belonging to their native or white communities – displaced

18. Residential School and Native Resistance
Frederick Ogilvie Loft – Mohawk chief and WW1 veteran. Attempted to get government to do something about conditions faced by First Nation’s Peoples
Helped establish League of Indians in 1920 – pushed for the right of Native peoples to vote, without losing their Indian status

19. Can. Gov. Apology – June 2008 Residential School
P.M. Stephen Harper:
"Today, we recognize that this policy of assimilation was wrong, has caused great harm, and has no place in our country,“
"The government now recognizes that the consequences of the Indian residential schools policy were profoundly negative and that this policy has had a lasting and damaging impact on aboriginal culture, heritage and language," Harper said.

20. Getting the Vote and Winning Office
Federal Enfranchisement in Canada:
Spearheaded in 1917 with the War-Time Elections act.
By May 24, 1918 all women in Canada would have the federal vote.

21. The Person’s Case
1928, Despite being able to vote, women are still unable to hold public office (appointed positions)
1916, Emily Murphy is appointed Alberta Police Magistrate (judge). Male lawyers challenge this position. As a woman, they asserted, Murphy was not a “person” under British Law. Murphy joins with Louis McKinney to fight this law

22. Person’s Case continued
Federal Government fails to appoint even one female senator during the 1920’s. Angered by this, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Irene Parlby and Nelly McClung join Emily Murphy and Louis McKinney to form the Famous Five. Together they push the “Person’s Case” all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.

23. Person’s Case continued
1928, The Supreme Court of Canada agrees unanimously that under the BNA Act women were not considered persons.

24. Person’s Case continued
1929, The Famous Five take the “Person’s Case” to the British Privy Council – the highest court of appeal. The Privy Council agreed with Murphy and ruled that “not only were women persons under the Constitution, but to exclude women from appointed public office was a relic of days more barbarous than ours.”

25. Person’s Case continued
Feb 20, 1930, P.M. Mackenzie King appoints Cairine Wilson, a Liberal supporter, as Canada’s first female Senator.
Cairine Wilson