1. Chinese Civil War

2. Formation of the Chinese Republic
The Qing Dynasty had been in power since 1644
The people of China, under nationalist leader Sun Yixian, demanded:
“Nationalism”  The end of foreign domination & influence
“Democracy”  Formation of a representative government
“People’s Livelihood”  A modernized & industrialized economy to provide security for the people of China

3. Formation of the Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian - Leader of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang  China’s Nationalist Party
Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, but…
“The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”
Sun could not unite China
Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns democratic reforms
China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords

4. World War I & The Treaty of Versailles
In 1917, China declares war on Germany
China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China
Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory

5. Jiang Jieshi

6. Jiang Jieshi
Emerged as the leader of the Nationalist Party after the death of Sun Yixian in 1925.

7. Jiang Jieshi & the Nationalists
Feared communism
Supported by bankers and businessmen
Over saw a corrupt government

8. Discontent in China
Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy
May 4th Movement

9. The Chinese Communist Party
Established in 1921
Challenged the authority of the Nationalists.
Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao Zedong
Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

10. Mao Zedong
Student of Marxism
However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS

11. Mao Zedong
Mao believed that communist success depended on gaining the support of the peasants.

12. Chinese Civil War Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communists
Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai
Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party
In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China
The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of Communist Party in China

13. Chinese Civil War The Long March
Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and surrounds them
100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-journey (The Long March)
Tens of thousands die due to
Starvation
Battle wounds
Exposure to the cold
Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

15. Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles
Luding Bridge

16. Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains
Mao on the Long March
Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

18. Chinese Civil War Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants
Established themselves in the countryside of south-central China
Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help from Soviet Union
Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

19. The Manchurian Incident

20. The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931.

21. In 1931, Japan was in the need of natural resources
In 1931, Japan was in the need of natural resources. They tried to find resources in other countries, but without good production in their own country they couldn't afford it. The little resources they had, needed to be used on themselves. They had interest in a small piece of land in China called Manchuria. The Japanese needed an excuse to invade the land so they placed a bomb in the railway tracks of one of their own stations. Then, they blamed this attack on China. In response, the Japanese took control of Manchuria, obtaining the natural resources they needed.

22. Manchuria – was rich in natural resources (iron and coal) that Japan needed to support its industry. Japan created a puppet state called Manchukuo .

23. Japanese Invasion
In 1937 the Japanese launched an all-out war against China.
The Nationalists and Communists joined together to battle the Japanese.

24. Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion
Time Out!!!
The Civil War between the Nationalists and Red armies is suspended
Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion
TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…
Japanese troops entering Shenyang

27. Communist Victory
After WWII the Nationalists and Communists resumed their civil war.
In 1949 Communists soldiers swept into Beijing.

30. The Peoples Republic of China
In 1949 Mao announced the birth of The Peoples Republic of China.
Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

32. Early Agrarian Changes
Co-operative Farms
Peasants joined land in mutual aid teams
Shared tools, animals, fertilizer
Shared work
Successful
Collective Farms
Joined cooperative farms together
Peasants lost land and became wage laborers
Government got a cut of the profit
Unsuccessful

33. The Great Leap Forward 1958-1966
Mao’s plan to increase industrial and agricultural output.

34. Great Leap Forward Agriculture Industry
Massive communes set up from collective farms (25,000)
Jobs split into teams
Controlled by Communist Party Members
Paid according to need, not work
Long Hours, poor conditions
Industry
Massive mobilization of labor
Irrigation and flood control a primary interest
Also stressed industrial development
Massive errors in planning

38. Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution 1966

39. The Four Olds
Old Ideology
Old Thought
Old Habits
Old Customs

40. The Cultural Revolution 1966
Renew communist loyalties
Red Guards attacked professors and other officials.
China closes to the outside world.
People fear arrest or exile.

41. A short intro to the Red Guard
The Red Guard is the name given to the hundreds of thousands of students who left their schools to spread Mao’s message
They were responsible for a majority of the chaos created during the Cultural Revolution
They traveled the countryside and visited factories, etc. to spread the message
At the end of the Cultural Revolution, they were sent to the countryside to ‘learn from the peasants’

42. Influence – The Red Guard
They had the workers arrange meetings so frequent that production came to a standstill
Anyone who complained was accused of being a bourgeois, etc.
Vandalism was also common, as the Red Guard started to stamp out authorities, like the leader of the factory, etc.
High levels of violence ensued
This meant that national output fell dramatically during the course of the Cultural Revolution
This caused the Chinese economy to be crippled through the three-year duration of the Cultural Revolution

44. THE LITTLE RED BOOK

45. Social Reforms Women received equality under the law.
Literacy increased.

46. China After Mao Great Leap led to disaster.
Cultural Revolution created chaos in China.
Many lost faith in their hero Mao Zedong.
Mao died in 1976