1. TOPIC 3 Rise and Rule of Authoritarian ja Single-Party-states
China

2. Introduction The Background
- By tradition China was a profoundly conservative nation
* confucianism; the need for harmony in human relations
* the Chinese people had to accept (without complait) their place in social order
* The emperor had the “mandate of heaven”

3. Foreign policy; isolation
* until the 19th C was a closed society
* a sense of its own superiority over all other cultures ( ↔ profoundly shaken in the 1840´s by the British (The Opium wars ( ) against Britain) and the French)
→The Chinese were forced to open their ports to foreign commerce and accept trade on western terms
→ by 1900 over 50 ports were in foreign possession
→ created mounting dissatisfaction with the imperial government ( the Manchu dynasty) and with imperialism

4. Uprisings The Taiping Rebellion ( 1850-64)
* a political reform movement, defeated by regional armies
The Boxer Rising ( ) against foreign influence, defeated by an international army
*war against Japan and the Russo-Japanese war resulted in losses of Chinese territory→ especially the young well-educated people called for reforms and western ideas

5. The road to the revolution of 1911
Some reforms were introduced, provincial elected assemblies were set up
BUT people wanted more! The revolution in October of 1911 began among the solders in Wuchang– most provinces declared themselves independent
A retired general Yang-Shih-kai became president ( a deal with the revolutionaries)
→proclaimed himself emperor in 1915, had to abdicate..

6. The Warlord era
The unity of china could not be maintained; hundreds of states ruled by warlords and their private armies
Demonstrations
The rise of the Kuomintang ( Nationalist party)– could destroy the warlords in the late 1920´s

7. The Kuomintang and the Communists
Make a mind map/ compare/ contrast these parties

8. Elimination of the opposition
Establishment of the First United Front, 1924: new party members into the Communist party ( in members, by members)
The Futian Incident, 1930: 4000 Red Army troops tortured and executed
The Long March, : a symbolic victory for Mao ( / survived). In 1935 Zunyi Conference Mao became leader of the CCP ( rivals Otto Braun = Li De, Chang-Kuo-Tao)

9. Civil War 1946-49 and Mao´s official rise
* Allied forces recognised Nationalist Troops and GMD → Official China and the seat on the Security Council of the UN
US helped the nationalist move back into Manchuria and Northern China→ communists resisted the move and fought back
- US and SU organised a meeting for reconciliation between two Chinas→ an Agreement on the future; establishment of a democratically elected National Assembly+ army: quite soon the clashes between the troops and a civil war→ a major GMD offensive in Manchuria against the communist in 1946

10. - US and SU organised a meeting for reconciliation between two Chinas→ an Agreement on the future; establishment of a democratically elected National Assembly+ army: quite soon the clashes between the troops and a civil war→ a major GMD offensive in Manchuria against the communist in 1946

11. Strengths and weaknesses of the GMD and CCP/ PLA