1. Digestive System Disorders
Digestive Disorders
Digestive System Disorders

2. State Standards
8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how homeostasis is maintained.
18) Understand principles of and successfully perform skills related to Medical Laboratory Assisting, incorporating rubrics from textbooks or clinical standards of practice for the following: a. Obtain a culture specimen and streak an agar plate (this may be simulated on paper)

3. Objectives Students will identify disorders of the digestive system.
Students will demonstrate knowledge of BMI vs. BMR
Students will create a meal plan for a patient population
Students will demonstrate knowledge of fecal occult blood sampling and agar streaking
Students will connect newly learned disorders with normal anatomy already learned by creating a public service announcement over a chosen disorder

4. Heartburn Acid Reflux Symp- burning sensation
When small quantities of stomach acid are regurgitated into the esophagus
Avoid chocolate and peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato products – stop smoking- take antacids – don’t lay down 2-3 hours after eating.

5. Discussion Applying what you know about gastric secretions.
Why do people who suffer from heartburn describe it as a burning sensation?
Why would you not want to lay down for 2-3 hours after eating?

6. Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
Common cause = Virus
Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for hours
Complication = dehydration

7. Discussion Why is dehydration a concern with gastroenteritis?
Applying what you know about infection control. What is one of the easiest and most effective ways of preventing the spread of gastroenteritis?
What are some symptoms of dehydration?

8. Ulcer Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcer in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria)
Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain medications.
Symp – burning pain in abdomen, between meals and early morning, may be relieved by eating or taking antacids.
Ulcer

9. Discussion
Applying what you know about the gastric secretions. Why would antacids help with ulcer pain?
Is it possible for an ulcer to erode all the way through the stomach? What would happen?

10. Appendicitis A sac attached to the cecum and has no known function.
Appendix can become infected by trapped fecal matter
If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity.
Symptoms- RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting
RX – surgical appendectomy

11. Discussion Is this an emergency situation? Why or why not?
Where would the incision be made for an appendectomy?

12. Hepatitis A Infectious hepatitis Cause – virus
Spread through contaminated food or H2O

13. Hepatitis B Serum Hepatitis Caused by virus found in blood
Transmitted by blood transfusion, being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts), or through sexual contact
Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated against
Use standard precautions for prevention

14. Discussion
Why are healthcare workers at a high risk of contracting Hepatitis B?
How long can the hepatitis B virus live on a surface?

15. Cirrhosis Chronic progressive disease of the liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption

16. Applying what you know about the way the liver normally functions
Applying what you know about the way the liver normally functions. What would a liver with cirrhosis be impaired doing?
What color would these patients skin be?

17. Cholelithiasis Gallstones
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder.
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Can block the bile duct causing pain in the shoulder blades
Digestive pain
Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed
Surgical removal of gallbladder = Cholecystectomy

18. Discussion
Applying what you know about a normal gallbladder. What functions would be impaired if someone is suffering from cholelithiasis?
What is it called when you feel pain in a different area than the actual problem is?

19. Conditions of Excretion
Diarrhea
Constipation
Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon to rapidly
Caused by infection , poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food
When defecation delayed, feces becomes dry and hard
RX –diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage) drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension

20. Hemorrhoids
Due to prolonged straining swollen blood vessels of the rectum. vein walls become stretched, thin, and irritated when you have bowel Movements Due to constipation, and sometimes childbirth

21. Review Test Your Gray Matter
Kenny is jaundiced. What could have caused this?
The medical term that means inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestines is:
When small quantities of stomach acid are regurgitated into the esophagus, the resulting condition is called:
Eating proper foods such as cereals, fruits, vegetables, and drinking plenty of fluids can help avoid what condition?
The medical term that means surgical removal of the gallbladder is:
What disorder would cause pain in the back between the shoulder blades?
It is recommended that all healthcare workers be vaccinated for what disease?
Hepatitis is caused by?
A condition in which a sore or lesion forms in the mucosal lining of the stomachs called?

22. Activity In your small groups
Add representations of these disorders to your digestive system model.
Heartburn
Ulcers
Cholelethiasis
Appendicitis
Cirrhosis
Hemorrhoids
On the back of each organ explain what the condition is, symptoms, and treatments.

23. Diagnostic Tools BMI vs. BMR
BMI (Body Mass Index) –number calculated from your height and weight
Helps determine if underweight, health weight, or overweight
BMR (basal metabolic rate) –number of calories you burn when your body is at rest

24. Calculating BMI
Multiply the weight in pounds by 0.45 (the metric conversion factor)
125 X 0.45 = kg

25. Calculating BMI
. Multiply the height in inches by (the metric conversion factor)
63 X = m

26. BMI
 Square the answer from step 2
1.575 X =

27. BMI Divide the answer from step 1 by the answer from step 3
56.25 : = 22.7

28. BMI
The BMI for a person who is 5’3" and weighs 125 lbs is 22.7 or practically, 23.
The range that is considered healthy is
19-25

29. Practice Calculating the BMI
Calculate these manually
156 pounds 5 foot 8 inches
210 pounds 5 foot 3 inches

30. Activity In a small group
Develop a meal plan for a BMI of 30 in each of these conditions
Diabetes
Heart disease
Stroke
Cite when you get your information

31. Fecal Occult Blood Sample
The fecal occult blood test is a lab test used to check stool samples for hidden blood.
Occult blood in the stool may indicate colon cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum 
If blood is detected through a fecal occult blood test, additional tests may be needed to determine the source of the bleeding

33. Agar Streaking Our mouths are full of bacteria!
1 ml. of saliva contains about 100 million microbes. Multiplying 1,000 ml of saliva (typical saliva production in a day) by 100 million (microbes per ml.) gives us 100 billion. That's the number of microbes in the saliva we swallow every 24 hours.
What is a way we could watch these bacteria grow?

34. Agar streaking technique
Wonder what you end up with?

36. Activity
Together we will complete the Agar Plate streaking simulation (walk me through the steps)
Now draw your own agar plate and simulate the steps of streaking it with mouth bacteria.

37. Activity In a small group
Create a public Service Announcement over one of the digestive disorders that we discussed.
Include
-How this disorder effects physical health
-How this disorder effects mental health
-signs and symptoms
-cause
-how it is diagnosed
-treatment
-which populations are effected (pediatric, adult, geriatric)
Refer to HOSA guidelines for a public service announcement and the provided grading rubric