2. Chapter 18: The Failure of Empire, 1519-1556
The Holy Roman Empire and Charles V: seen as a force to stop Muslim advances in Europe, loose confederation
The Ottoman Empire: was seen as the main threat to southeast Europe
The Hapsburg Family: the powerful family that Charles was from, from Austria (dads side) and Spain (his mothers side), super powerful and super Catholic, after ruled all of this!
The Battle of Vienna (1529): the Turks were stopped by the HRE
King Charles I of France: saw HRE as too powerful and a threat
Supported: the Ottoman Empire, politics over religion (fought a fellow Christian)
Some in the HRE’s Imperial Diet (assembly) became Lutheran for: political reasons
Loosened the grip the Catholic Emperor: had on them

3. German kingdom of Prussia: established by German leaders who became Protestant to take away land from Catholic Church
HRE divided by years of religious: Warfare, Protestant vs Catholic
German Wars of Religion led: Charles V to step down in frustration
Peace of Augsburg (1555): freedom for local German princes, not a personal decision a state decision, if your prince became Protestant you had to too
The RCC and HRE were: seriously weakened during this time

4. Centralization
Long living monarchs brought: political stability to nations they ruled
Spain over 200 years had only: 6 kings
France over 200 years had only: 5 kings
Kings began to take more of a role in the affairs of : the church in their nations
Spanish Inquisition used for: political purposes not just for religious questions

5. Henry VIII and annulment: wanted annulment to marry another who might give him a male heir
The Church of England (Anglican Church): Henry broke with Rome to start own church, giving himself permission to remarry
Episcopal Church: the American branch of this church
Archbishop of Canterbury: the religious head of the Anglican Church
Church land given to: political allies
Calvinists/ Puritans: They want to purify Anglican Church and eliminate Catholic influence

6. Common Language increased: a sense of unity and nationalism
Spain: Castilian official language
Cervantes: Don Quixote written in Castilian
Protestant rejection of the Latin Vulgate: increased printing of bible in the vernacular
Luther’s German Bible influenced: formation of modern German
King James Version of Bible: influenced formation of modern English
William Shakespeare: popular English author

7. Absolutism and Constitutionalism
Absolutism: lack of checks on the power of the king
Estates General: the legislature in France, often not called into session
Louis XIV: The Sun King, had total control in France , whole government revolved around him
Versailles: French palace and place of political distraction, entertained the kings political opponents

8. Constitutionalism: checks/ limits on power of the king
The Imperial Diet: in Holy Roman Empire, limited role of the emperor, ex. He had to give German princes freedom of religion
Parliament: in England, limited what the king could do
Parliament demands Charles I (of England): call Parliament regularly, he refused which causes conflict and eventual war the English Civil War

9. Parlimenet and Puritans: fight in the English Civil War
Supporters of the King: the Cavaliers
Rump Parliament: execution of people who supported the king!
Oliver Cromwell: puritan dictator who took over England, after his death, a king was reestablished
James II: next king, baptized heir as a Catholic, upset Protestant majority, leads Parliament to invite his Protestant daughter to overthrow him
William and Mary: offered throne
Glorious Revolution 1688: William and Mary’s bloodless take over
English Bill of Rights: guaranteed freedoms and rights and limits on kings power