1. Parasites II Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods

2. Learning Objectives Know the general terminology
Learn clinical significances and main organisms
Know predisposing factors
Explain transmitting routes
Understand the management strategies and prevention

3. What is a parasite?
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two different organisms. The parasite benefits from a prolonged, close association with the host, which is harmed
Many possess special adaptations

4. Definition
Parasite – an organism that lives off or on another organism, generally without killing it.
It comes from the Greek “one who eats off the table of another”.

5. Presence of Diseases in a Population (Prevalence):
Factors required:
1. Source
infected persons
carriers
animals

6. Presence of Diseases in a Population (Prevalence):
2. Mode of transmission
direct
indirect
vectors
3. Susceptible host
immunity

7. Parasite endoparasite ectoparasite temporary parasite
permanent parasite
obligatory parasite
facultative parasite
accidental parasite
opportunistic parasite

8. Endoparasite

9. Ectoparasite

10. Host
Host In parasitism, it supplies the parasite with nourishment and shelter, it is the injured partner.
Carrier: A person who harbours parasite has no clinical symptoms, is an important source of infection in epidemiology.

11. Eukaryotic Microbes
Table 12.1

12. Human Parasitology Class Lobosea Class Zoomastigophorea Class Sporozoa
Class Ciliophora
Medical
Protozoology
Human Parasitology
Class Nematoda
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoda
Class Metacanthocephala
Medical
Helminthology
Class Insecta
Class Arachnida
Class Crustacea
Class Chilopoda
Medical
Arthropodology

13. Eukaryotic Microbe Parasites
Protozoa
Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba
Flagellates
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Ciliates
Balantidium coli
Sporozoa
Plasmodium
Cryptosporidium
Toxoplasma
Helminths
Roundworms
Intestinal
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Necatur americanus
Tissue
Trichinella spiralis
Wucheraria bancrofti
Flatworms
Flukes
Schistosoma
Tapeworms
Taenia
Arthropods
Insects
Arachnids

14. (WHO) - Priority Diseases
1. Schistosomiasis 2. Malaria 3. Filariasis 4. Trypanosomiasis 5. Leishmaniasis 6. Leprosy (replaced by HIV/AIDS)

15. Protozoa Sarcodina- Amoeba - move by pseudopods
Life Stages –
Trophozoite -vegetative; feeding, mostly motile
Cyst – dormant; protective thick wall
Most are free living in water and soil
Classified by motility & life cycle
Subdivided by location in human host (GI, blood, GU)
Sarcodina- Amoeba - move by pseudopods
Ciliophora - Ciliates - move by cilia
Mastigophora - Flagellates - move by flagella
Apicomplexan - Sporozoa – complex life cycle

16. Diversity among Protozoa

17. Amoeba Entamoeba histolytica Naegleria Acanthamoeba Amoebic dysentery
primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba
contact lens contaminant
Figure 12.18a

18. Amoebae Protozoa with no truly defined shape
Move and acquire food through the use of pseudopodia
Found in water sources throughout the world
Few cause disease

19. Entamoeba histolytica
Carried asymptomatically in the digestive tracts of humans
No animal reservoir exists
Infection usually occurs by drinking water contaminated with feces that contain cysts
Trophozoites migrate to the large intestine where they multiply

20. Entamoeba histolytica
Three types of amebiasis can result from infection
Luminal amebiasis
Least severe form that is asymptomatic
Invasive amebic dysentery
More common form of infection
Characterized by bloody, mucus-containing stools and pain
Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
Trophozoites carried via the bloodstream throughout the body
Maintaining clean water is important in prevention

21. The Course of Amoebiasis Due to Entamoeba histolytica

22. Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
Cause rare and usually fatal brain infections
Common inhabitants of natural waterways as well as artificial water systems
Contact lenses wearers who use tap water to wash their lenses can become infected
Acanthamoeba diseases
Infection occurs through cuts or scrapes, the conjunctiva, or through inhalation
Acanthamoeba keratitis results from conjunctival inoculation
Amebic encephalitis is the more common disease

23. Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
Naegleria disease
Infection occurs when swimmers inhale contaminated water
Amoebic meningoencephalitis results when trophozoites migrate to the brain
Prevention is difficult because these organisms are environmentally hardy

24. Flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis Giardia lamblia no cyst stage
Trichomoniasis - STI
Giardia lamblia
intestinal malabsorption
Traveler's diarrhea, day care centers, hikers
Figure 12.17b-d

25. Giardia

26. Hemoflagellates Trypanosoma Leishmania
African sleeping sickness or Chagas disease
Transmitted by tsetse flies or reduviid bugs
Leishmania
leishmaniasis – “Baghdad Boil”- Desert Storm
Transmitted by sand fly vector

27. Ciliates Complex cells with rudimentary mouth (cytostome)
Balantidium coli is the only human parasite
intestinal disease
associated with pork
Paramecium
Vorticella
Figure 12.20

28. Ciliates Protozoa that use cilia in their trophozoite stage
Balantidium coli is the only ciliate known to cause disease in humans
Commonly found in animal intestinal tracts
Humans become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with feces containing cysts
Trophozoites attach to the mucosal epithelium lining the intestine
B.coli infections are generally asymptomatic in healthy adults

29. Ciliates Balantidiasis occurs in those with poor health
Characterized by persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss
Dysentery results in severe infections
Presence of trophozoites is diagnostic for the disease
Prevention relies on good personal hygiene and efficient water sanitation

30. Apicomplexans (Sporozoa)
Characteristics:
Nonmotile, Intracellular parasites
Complex life cycles, Asexual/sexual reproduction
Plasmodium – malaria
transmitted by Anopheles mosquito
Babesia-babesiosis
transmitted by ticks
Cryptosporidium – diarrhea; AIDS related
Toxoplasma – toxoplasmosis; AIDS related

31. Plasmodium 1 2 9 3 Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 8 4 5 7 6
Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human 2
Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced
Sporozoites in salivary gland 9
Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 3
Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction 8
In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote
Zygote
Intermediate host
Female gametocyte 4
Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell
Male gametocyte
Ring
stage 5
Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites
Definitive host 7
Another mosquito bites infected human and ingests gametocytes 6
Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes
Merozoites
Figure 12.19

32. Plasmodium

33. Cryptosporidium parvum
Waterborne
Found in cattle
Attach to intestinal lining
Cause watery diarrhea
Acid-fast Oocysts
Resistant to chlorine
Figure 25.19

34. Cryptosporidium life cycle

35. Toxoplasma gondii

36. Cat cycle

37. Eukaryotic Microbes
Table 12.1

38. Helminths - worms Life Stages egg, larva, adult; complex life cycles
infective stage: egg or larva
definitive host: harbors adult stage
intermediate hosts: may be more than one
Classifications:
Nematodes - roundworms
Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Trematodes - flukes- nonsegmented
Cestodes - tapeworms- segmented

39. Nematodes- Roundworms
Intestinal roundworms:
Ascaris (Giant intestinal roundworm)
Enterobius (Pinworm)
Necator / Ancylostoma (Hookworm)
Tissue roundworms
Trichinella spiralis - trichinosis

40. Features of the Life Cycle of Roundworms
Parasites of almost all vertebrates
Have a number of reproduction strategies
Most intestinal nematodes shed their eggs into the lumen of the intestine
Eggs are eliminated in feces
Eggs are consumed in contaminated food or water
Some intestinal nematodes release their eggs into the soil
Larvae actively penetrate the skin of a host
Inside the body, they travel to the intestine
Other nematodes encyst in muscle tissue and are consumed in raw or undercooked meat
Mosquitoes transmit a few species of nematodes
Adult sexually mature stages are found only in definitive hosts

41. Nematodes - roundworms
Ascaris lumbricoides- adult stage

42. Roundworms

45. Pinworm disease is the most prevalent helminthic infection in the world
Enterobius vermicularis
Life cycle
Diagnosis with cellophane tape
Transmission

46. Enterobius - Pinworm
Figure 12.29

48. Diagnosing Pinworm Disease

50. Necator or Ancylostoma - Hookworm

51. The Life Cycle of the Hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necatur americanus

52. Trichinella

53. Filariasis is a lymphatic system infection
Wuchereria bancrofti
Life cycle
Transmission by mosquito
Symptoms
Elephantiasis

55. Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Trematodes – Flukes - nonsegmented
Schistosoma - blood fluke; Swimmer’s itch
Cestodes – Tapeworms - segmented
Taenia – beef or pork tapeworm
Echinococcus – wild dog tapeworm

56. TREMATODES blood flukes Schistosoma mansoni S. japonicum
S. hematobium.
intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
liver fluke
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola hepatica
lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani.

57. Trematodes - Flukes Trematoda (flukes) Fasciola hepatica,
Clonorchis sinensis,
Schistosoma spp
Figure 12.25

58. Trematodes - Flukes

59. Trematodes - Flukes
Figure 12.25

60. Clonorchis sinensis

61. Schistosoma – blood fluke

62. Major sites S. japonicum :VEINS OF GIT S. mansoni : VEINS OF GIT
S. haematobium : VEINS OF BLADDER

63. Major syndromes 1. schistosome dermatitis
2. acute schistosomias (Katayama fever)
3. chronic schistosomiasis.

64. Cestodes Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm),
T. saginata (beef tapeworm),
Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm),
Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)
Echinococcus granulosus and
E. multilocularis (hydatid).

65. Cestodes - Tapeworms Tapeworm parts: Scolex head with attachment site
Proglottids
body segments with testes and ovaries
Taenia saginata
beef tapeworm
Taenia solium
pork tapeworm
cysticercosis
Figure 12.27

66. Tapeworms

69. Diphyllobothrium latum

70. Diphyllobothrium latum
This is the longest tapeworm found in man, ranging from 3-10 meters with more than 3000 proglottids
Procercoid is the first stage in the life cycle of tapeworms that develop from the coracidium stage.

72. A few other tapeworms also cause disease
Hymenolepis nana, the dwarf tapeworm, most common human tapeworm worldwide
Echinococcus granulosus, the dog tapeworm, humans are intermediate hosts

73. Echinococcus
Figure 12.28

74. Arthropods as Vectors Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes
Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks
May transmit diseases (vectors)
Figure 12.31, 32

75. Arthropods as Vectors
Figure 12.33

76. Arthropod Vectors
Figure 23.24

77. Scabies - mite

78. Arachnids Adult arachnids have four pairs of legs
Ticks and mites resemble each other morphologically
Ticks are the most important arachnid vectors
Serve as vectors for bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases
Second only to mosquitoes in the number of diseases they transmit
Hard ticks are the most prominent disease vector
Transmit Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, relapsing fever, and tick-borne encephalitis

79. Arachnids
Parasitic mites are found wherever humans and animals coexist
Transmit rickettsial diseases among animals and humans

80. Insects
Adults have three pairs of legs as well as a head, thorax, and abdomen
Fleas
Most fleas are not associated with humans but a few do feed on humans
Plague is the most significant disease transmitted by fleas
Body lice
Parasites that can also transmit disease
Most common among poor or overcrowded communities

81. Insects Flies Among the most common insects
Those that transmit disease are generally bloodsuckers
Mosquitoes
Most important arthropod vector of disease
Carry some of the world’s most devastating diseases
Kissing bugs
Often take blood meals near the mouth of their human hosts
Feed on blood nocturnally while the host sleeps

82. Human Bot Fly

83. Eukaryotic Microbe Parasites
Protozoa
Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba
Flagellates
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Ciliates
Balantidium coli
Sporozoa
Plasmodium
Cryptosporidium
Toxoplasma
Helminths
Roundworms
Intestinal
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Necator americanus
Tissue
Trichinella spiralis
Wucheraria bancrofti
Flatworms
Flukes
Schistosoma
Tapeworms
Taenia
Arthropods
Insects
Arachnids

84. TUS 2013
Aşağıdaki parazitlerden hangisinin proserkoid evresi vardır? a. Diphyllobothrium latum b. Hymenolepsis nana c. Ascaris lumbricoides d. Strongiloides stercoralis e. ?

85. Aşağıdaki parazitlerden hangisinin proserkoid evresi vardır. a
Aşağıdaki parazitlerden hangisinin proserkoid evresi vardır? a. Diphyllobothrium latum b. Hymenolepsis nana c. Ascaris lumbricoides d. Strongiloides stercoralis e. ?

86. TUS 2013
4. Toksoplazma gondii’nın hangi formu dışkıda? a. Trofozoit b. Kist c. Sporokist d. Ookist e. Takizoit

87. 4. Toksoplazma gondii’nın hangi formu dışkıda. a. Trofozoit b. Kist c
4. Toksoplazma gondii’nın hangi formu dışkıda? a. Trofozoit b. Kist c. Sporokist d. Ookist e. Takizoit

88. TUS 2013
Cysticerc’in dışkıda izole edilen formu a) proglottid

89. TUS 2013
Aşağıdaki parazitozlardan hangisi, oral enteral yolla bulaşmaz? A) Balantidium B) Entamoeba C) Giardia D) Kriptosporidium E) Plasmodium

90. TUS 2013
Aşağıdaki parazitozlardan hangisi, oral enteral yolla bulaşmaz? A) Balantidium B) Entamoeba C) Giardia D) Kriptosporidium E) Plasmodium

91. TUS 2015

92. TUS 2015