Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment

Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment
Graziano and Raulin Research Methods: Chapter 1 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007) Graziano & Raulin (2007)

Psychology and Research
Scientific study of behavior and the factors that influence behavior Subject matter is everywhere We wonder about behavior all the time Psychologist simply do it for a living How to answer such questions is the focus of the course Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Student Resource Website
Fully integrated with the textbook Chapter resources list at the beginning of each chapter Resources also identified with icon and code number in the text Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Steps to Find a Resource
Open and log into textbook website Select Chapter Resources from dropdown menu Select chapter number and then select the item Or, alternatively, select the item directly using the code number list Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)
Accessing Resources These examples use the materials that were available for the fifth edition of this text or working copies of the sixth edition The sixth edition Student Resource Website was not online when these slides were prepared. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Select Chapter Resources
The Chapter Resources feature Organizes and describes the resources by chapter Also allows you to go directly to a resource with the code number Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Select Resource Wanted
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

OR Select Resource Code
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Items to Explore Tutorials APA Style (writing research reports) Library Research Statistical Analyses Using web browser programs Statistical flowcharts (Chapter 14) Pre-Data Checklist (Chapter 14) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

How to Learn People learn best by doing (active learning) Website is very “hands on” Study Guide provides active feedback Lab Manual has you doing research activities Most tutorials include animations to show you how things are done Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

SPSS for Windows Can be bundled with the text Does a large variety of statistical analyses easily and quickly Website provides instructions on how to use this package, complete with animations Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Science Defined by its way of thinking Not defined by its technology or its accomplishments Scientists ask questions You can ask questions about anything Scientists must tolerate uncertainty, because some questions cannot be easily or quickly answered Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Scientists Endless curiosity Pervasive skepticism Challenging old ideas Proposing new idea Sometimes upsetting authorities Prepared minds Recognizing interesting phenomena Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Science and Art Often thought of as polar opposites Science as precise and constrained Art as free flowing and creative But this dichotomy is false Scientists and artists share a creative drive to understand and represent reality Creative people are often gifted in both science and art (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Acquiring Knowledge Tenacity: “it has always been that way” Intuition: “it feels true” Authority: “the boss says it is true” Rationalism: “it makes sense logically” Empiricism: “I observed it to be true” Science: a combination of rationalism and empiricism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Rationalism Using reason (logic) to derive new knowledge from old knowledge Reliable conclusions can be derived from established facts if one uses logic Limitation By itself, rationalism has no way of verifying the accuracy of the facts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Empiricism Naïve Empiricism Literally need to see it to believe it Severely limits what could be studied, because many interesting things cannot be directly observed (e.g., gravity) Sophisticated Empiricism Allows one to study both things that can be seen other things that produce effects that can be seen Accepts indirect evidence Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Science Rationalism To derive theories from existing observations To derive predictions from theories to test empirically Empiricism To provide the initial facts on which theories might rest To test the predictions from theories by seeing if they are accurate Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

History of Science Science developed over thousands of years Combination of rationalism and empiricism Sometimes empiricism dominated Sometimes rationalism dominated Eventually they were combined into science as we know it Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Early Civilization Early civilizations developed practical skills Passed from generation to generation Focus was on the practical, rather than the abstract principles Orderliness belief: The universe behaves in an orderly, lawful manner Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Greek Science Greeks contributed much to science Thales was one of the first to combine rationalism and empiricism Strato introduced experimentation Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle moved away from empiricism to an emphasis on rationalism as a way to understand a mystical universe Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Medieval Science Research in the service of religion To demonstrate the hand of God Some religious scholars encouraged research Thomas Aquinas & Roger Bacon Science becoming a tool in the “service of humanity” But science and religion clashed Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

The Scientific Revolution
Based on Rediscovery of earlier scholarship New discoveries with immediate benefits The new universities nourish science and research Increased scientific understanding fueled technological development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Modern Science Vast enterprise Supported by governments Valuable to society Tremendous growth in the last century Remarkable new discoveries Which lead to new technologies Which lead to more discoveries Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Scientific Ethics Pace of scientific discovery Seemingly unstoppable Directions unpredictable Frightening consequences The novel Frankenstein Metaphor for science Scientists must take responsibility Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

History of Psychology Built on other sciences (e.g., philosophy, biology, physiology, physics, etc.) First psychology lab: Wundt in 1879 Early perspectives Structuralism: understand the structure behind human consciousness Functionalism: understand the function and practical applications of human behavior Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Modern Psychology Heavily influenced by Darwin and Galton Several perspectives advanced Gestalt Psychology (focused on perception) Behaviorism (focused on learning principles) Psychoanalysis (focused on internal dynamics and unconscious processes) Humanistic psychology (focused on the uniqueness of the human being) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Women in Psychology Women were not allowed to earn advanced degrees Belief that women were not smart enough or had the temperament for professional careers Even when they earned degrees, they could not get academic positions Nevertheless, women made significant contributions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Women’s Achievements Mary Whiton Calkins was first female president of the APA Margaret Floy Washburn was first female to earn a Ph.D. in psychology Helen Thompson Wooley found that the presumed sex differences did not exist Leta Stetter Hollingworth studied gifted children and educational systems Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Minorities in Psychology
Between 1920 and 1966 Only 0.2% of the Ph.D.s from the most prestigious universities went to African Americans Early pioneers paved the way for others Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark conducted landmark research on racial identity in black children Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Modern Psychology Vast enterprise Thousands of undergraduate training programs Hundreds of graduate training programs Dozens of subdisciplines (many interdisciplinary) Women now outnumber men in grad school and minority groups are now well represented Dozens of specialized organizations, some with tens of thousands of members Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Science of Psychology Defined as the systematic, objective study of human behavior Unfortunately, many pseudoscientific ideas masquerade as scientific psychology Often creating great harm, even though the motives of the proponents may have been good Only solid theories can withstand the rigors of scientific scrutiny Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

Summary Science is a way of thinking Many ways to gain knowledge, science being one of them Science combines rationalism and empiricism Science has a long history built originally on the practical values of empiricism Modern science is a huge social enterprise Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)

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