1. Notes on Skeletal, Muscular, & Digestive Systems
Body Systems Part 1
Notes on Skeletal, Muscular, & Digestive Systems

2. 1. Skeletal System Babies are born with around 305 bones
Some infant bones are separate at birth (soft spot on head) & much of skeleton is cartilage, not bone. This helps baby during birth.
Having bones that are not fused (connected & hardened) helps baby move through birth canal.

3. Overtime cartilage hardens into bone by a process called ossification.
Bones that were separated from each other at birth become fused together.
This is usually complete by young adulthood-in 20’s.
Adults typically have 206 bones.

4. Purpose of Skeletal System
Give body shape, support, & protect vital organs
Ex: Skull protects brain
Ex: Ribs & sternum protect heart & lungs

5. 2 Parts of Skeletal System
1. Axial-bones that protect vital organs
Ex: skull, ribcage, sternum, vertebral column

6. 2 Parts of Skeletal System
2. Appendicular- bones that connect appendages (sticks out/connects to trunk of body) to axial skeleton
Ex: arms bones-humerous, radius, ulna
leg bones- femur, tibia, & fibula

8. Bone Marrow: Thick, spongy material inside most bones
Makes red blood cells (RBC’s)

10. Body Systems Part 1 continued
2. Muscular System
Job: provide movement for our bodies
We have over 600 muscles attached to our skeleton

11. Voluntary & Involuntary muscles
1.Voluntary: muscles we can control
aka skeletal muscles
Ex: biceps, triceps, quadriceps

14. Involuntary Muscles Muscles we cannot control
Controlled by nervous system & hormones
Ex: cardiac (heart), lungs, digestion

17. Muscle Disorders
1. Muscular Dystrophy- a genetic (inherited from parent’s chromosomes) disorder that gradually weakens the body’s muscles
-actually a group of about 40 diseases

18. Caused by incorrect or missing genetic info that prevents the body from making the proteins needed to build healthy muscles.
Symptoms-weak muscles, immobility (unable to move), & imbalance

19. Affects children by taking away the ability to walk, sit upright, breathe easily, & move their arms & hands
There is no cure for MD but researchers are learning daily about how to treat, diagnose & slow the progression of the disorder
Can be diagnosed in child or adult age

20. Muscular Dystrophy in Dogs
Canine muscular dystrophy: dogs can be diagnosed with MD
Usually affects male dogs more severely than females
More common in certain breeds: Golden Retrievers, Brittany Spaniels, & Welsh Corgis

21. In dogs, symptoms begin early in life-about 8 weeks of puppyhood
Symptoms include weakness, immobility, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing
Progresses quickly, no cure
Dogs with severe case only live a few days. Weaker cases may live a several years.

25. Cerebral Palsy-
Fairly common congenital (present at birth) disorder that affects the posture, balance, & motor functions
No cure but some treatments can help with symptoms

26. Cerebral Palsy
Caused by abnormal brain development, often before birth
Symptoms include floppy or rigid limbs & involuntary motions & appear during early adulthood

28. Digestive System - also get rid of leftover parts we cannot use
Job- break down food so useful pieces can be absorbed into bloodstream & sent throughout our bodies
- also get rid of leftover parts we cannot use

29. Made up of these organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, & large intestine

30. Chemicals-help break down food in stomach, liver, gall bladder, & pancreas
Stomach- produces gastric juices-hydrochloric acid & enzymes-that turn food into creamy liquid in 3-4 hours.

31. Pancreas & Liver- make chemicals that separate fats, carbohydrates, & proteins from food for body’s use
Small intestine- where broken down ‘food’ actually passes into bloodstream

32. Large Intestine- receives unusable ‘food’ & exits body later
**Laying small & large intestines out straight measure over 22 feet long**

33. Digestive System Disorders
1. GERD-gastro esophageal reflux disease- severe & common heartburn
-valve between the esophagus & stomach weakens & lets stomach acid backup into esophagus & irritate it; results in burning in chest with pain
-digestive system disease/condition

35. 2. Celiac Disease- Celiac disease can affect children or adults.
-Symptoms include diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, skin rash or a thinning of bones. In children it can cause growth failure.

36. Celiac disease con’d
-People with the disease are advised to eliminate foods with gluten, a protein that is found in wheat, rye and barley.
-Gluten damages the lining of the small intestine for people with the disease.