1. IT Security

2. Threats: A threat is anything that can cause harm.
 Countermeasures: A countermeasure is any step you take to ward off a threat – to protect yourself, your data, or your computer from harm.

3. Threats to Users
Identity Theft : Identity theft occurs when someone impersonates you by using your name, social security number, or other personal information to obtain documents or credit in your name.

4. Methods
Shoulder surfing
Snagging
Dumpster Diving
Social Engineering
High tech methods

5. Online spying tools
Cookies: A cookie is a small text file that a web server asks your browser to place on your computer. The cookie contains information identifies your computer (IP address), you(use name or address) & information about your visit to the web site.

6. A Cookie can record
- Last time you visited the web site
- Pages you downloaded
- Time you spent before leaving

7. Web Bugs: A web bug is a small image file that can be embedded in a web page or an HTML format message. It allows the bug’s creator to track many of your online activities.

8. A web bug can record
- Web pages you view
Keywords you type in a search engine
Personal Information you enter in a form of web pages

9. Spyware
The term spyware is used to refer to many different kinds of software that can track a computer user’s activities and report them to someone else. Spyware can record individual keystrokes, web usages, addresses, personal information. Generally the program transmits the collected data via or web page.

10. Spam
Spam is junk sent by an organization or individual to a mass audience of Internet users who have expressed no interest in the product or service being marketed. The correct term for spam is unsolicited commercial (UCE)

11. Threats to Hardware
Power related threats
Power problems affect computers in two ways:
1. Power fluctuations
2. Power failure

12. Theft and Vandalism
A burglar or vandal can do tremendous damage to a Computer, resulting in total loss of the system and the data it stores. The best way to keep thieves and vandals Theft and at bay is to keep you system in a secure area. Special locks are available that can attach a

13. system unit , monitor, or other
equipment to a desk. Making it
difficult to move.

14. Natural Disasters
Disaster planning addresses natural and man made disasters. Things like earthquakes and hurricanes are hard to predict and impossible to prevent. So a well thought-out plan can minimize the loss of information and interruption of work should a disaster occur.

15. Threats to Data There are three general categories of threat:
Malicious code and Malware
Criminal Acts
Cyberterrorism

16. Malicious code and Malware
The term malware describes viruses, worms, Trojan horse attack applets and attack scripts. These virulent programs represent the most common threat to your information.

17. Cybercrime
The use of computer to carry out any conventional criminal act, such as fraud, is called cybercrime. Criminal actions included setting up fraudulent bank web sites to steal account information, auction fraud & nondelivery of merchantdise.

18. Hacking remains the most
common form of cybercrime, and it continues to grow in popularity. A hacker is someone who uses a computer and network or Internet connection to intrude into another computer or system to perform an illegal act.

19. Common hacking Methods
Sniffing: The term sniffing refers to findings a user’s password. There are three ways to sniff a password: password sharing, password guessing, password capture.

20. Social Engineering: Social Engineering used to be called “running a confidence game”. A hacker may contact potential victims by phone or , and ask the victims to provide password information for an apparently legitimate reason. This method also called phishing.

21. Spoofing: Hackers may alter an header to make it appear that a request for information originated from another address.