1. Psychology…

2. Psychology The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Scientific research methods.
ALL observable behavior.
Mental processes include thoughts, feelings and dreams.

3. Prescientific Psychology
Ancient Greeks
Socrates
Plato
Mind is separable from body & continues after the body dies.
Knowledge is born within us.
Aristotle
Knowledge is not preexisting.
Grows from experiences stored in memories.

4. Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
John Locke
Tabula Rasa (blank slate)
Empiricism

5. Modern Psychology’s Roots

6. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Father of Psychology
Founder of modern psychology
Opened the 1st
psychology lab in 1879.

7. E.B. Titchener (1867-1927) Founder of Structuralism
Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness: the structure

8. Structuralism
Studied the basic elements (structure) of thoughts and sensations.
Broken down into three parts: ex. sensations, feelings, thoughts

9. Gestalt Psychology Whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Ex: Notes of music put together and you have a song

10. William James (1842-1910) First American psychologist
Author of the first psychology textbook
Founder of Functionalism
William James proposed that all humans shared common instincts such as cleanliness, curiosity, parental love, sociability, sympathy, and jealousy.
James believed that our instincts are inherited tendencies or traits. He composed a list of 37 instincts that he believed explained human behavior.
James, a professor at Harvard, created the first course in psychology ever offered at an American university. This, along with his landmark psychological theories, have led many to call James the “father of American psychology.”

11. Functionalism Our consciousness helps us adapt to our environments.
List of 37 instincts = human behavior
Examples:
Cleanliness
Curiosity
Sympathy
Jealousy
Love
social ability

13. Mary Calkins 1890
(James) 1st female admitted into Harvard’s Graduate seminar
1st to achieve PhD
Harvard denied
Memory researcher
1st woman president of the APA
Calkins couldn’t graduation

14. Margaret Floy Washburn
1st woman to earn PhD from Harvard
2nd female president of the APA
Animal behavior research
The Animal Mind

15. Sigmund Freud ( )
Psychoanalytic perspective
Behavior explained by unconscious

16. Freud’s Influence Influence on “pop culture” Freudian slips
Anal-retentive
Influence on psychology
Psychodynamic theory
Unconscious thoughts
Significance of childhood experiences

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21. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Russian Physiologist
Studied learning in animals
Emphasized the study of observable behaviors
Classical conditioning
Ex. dogs

23. John B. Watson (1878-1958) Founder of behaviorism
Studied only observable and objectively described acts – unconscious was of little value
Environment molds our behavior
Bullet # 1 In the early 1900s, John Watson developed what became known as behaviorism. He believed that psychology should only study overt, measurable behavior.
Bullet # 2 Watson felt that psychology needed to study behavior scientifically and needed to break away from concepts like the mind, consciousness, feeling, and thinking.
Bullet # 3 Waston firmly believed in the strength and power a person’s environment could exercise over them. Consequently, he believed that by controlling a healthy child’s environment, it was possible to influence that child to develop in a number of different directions.

24. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Behaviorist
Focused on learning through rewards and punishment and observation
Operant conditioning
Rats and pigeons
Food = reward
Shock = punishment

25. Psychology Timeline E.B. Titchener William James Mary Calkins Gestalt
Sigmund Freud
Ivan Pavlov
Functionalism
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
John B. Watson
Margaret Floy Washburn
B.F. Skinner

26. 7 Contemporary Psychological Perspectives

27. Psychological Perspectives
Method classifying a collection of ideas
Also called:
“schools of thought”
“psychological approaches”
View BEHAVIOR from a particular perspective

28. Cognitive Perspective
Focus: How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation – grocery store

29. Biological Perspective
Focus: Body & brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences.
Genes & Environment influence individual differences.
“feel-good” brain chemicals affect behavior - depression

30. Social-Cultural Perspective
Focus: How thinking and behavior vary across situations and cultures.
Influence of other people present?

31. Behavioral Perspective
Focus: We learn through rewards, punishments, and observations
Behavior explained by previous learning
Unconscious = little value

32. Humanistic Perspective
Focus: How we strive to meet our needs for love, acceptance and achieve our full potential.
Behavior is motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst)

33. Psychodynamic Perspective
Focus: Behavior is affected by unconscious drives, conflicts, motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood.

34. Evolutionary Perspective
Focus: How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.

36. Perspective Activity The Case of Andrea Yates…
Illustrates complexity & multiple causes of behavior
Looking at each Perspective, how would you describe the cause of Yates’ murder of her children?
Cognitive Perspective
Biological Perspective
Social-Cultural Perspective
Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective
What important principle does this case reveal?

37. Careers in Psychology

38. What do they do? Psychologist? Psychiatrist? Counselor?
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39. Clinical Psychologist
Diagnose/treat patients with psychological problems
Largest number of professional psychologists

40. Academic Psychologist
PhD in Psychology = TEACH
Research
Expand knowledge base of psychology

41. Biological Psychologists
Explore the physiological roots and results of behaviors.
Might ask:
“Do repetitive behaviors, such as piano playing, produce changes in the brain?”

42. Social Psychologist Explore the influence others have on behavior.
Might ask:
“Under what circumstances do young adults conform to the wishes of their peers?”

43. Developmental Psychologists
Study the growth or development that takes place from womb to tomb.
Might ask:
“How do the friendships of 6-year olds differ from the friendships of 10-year olds?”

44. Cognitive Psychologist
Study thought processes.
Might ask:
“How does the memory of an old home phone number affect the memory of a new home phone number?”

45. Majoring in Psychology…
Skills possessed by graduates:
Strong “people” skills
Good problem solving skills
Communication skills
Analyzing skills
Listening skills
Well developed, higher level thinking skills
Good research and writing skills

46. Sample Job Titles: Mental health care worker Residential care worker
Career resource coordinator
Events coordinator
Student Advisor
Youth care worker
Police officer / FBI
After hours emergency worker
Job coach
Fundraiser
Psychiatric assistant
Volunteer manager / coordinator

47. Areas of Employment: Retirement homes Hospitals
Non-profit organizations
Small-businesses
Human resource dept.
Street outreach
Volunteer services
Employment agencies
Residential treatment centers
Personal / Family counseling
Law Enforcement office
Post-secondary schools
Career centers

50. The End

51. Applied Research
Research designed to solve specific practical problems
Rather than expanding the scientific knowledge base of psychology.
Organizational Psychologists
Human-factors Psychologists
Psychometricians
Educational Psychologists

52. Basic Research Pure science or research
Research for the sake of finding new information and expanding the knowledge base of psychology