1. The History of Journalism in America

2. Communication in Early America
Face to face
Speeches
Publications from England
Messages arriving on horse
Books
Popular songs
Letters
Pamphlets

3. Nature of Colonial Newspapers
Short and infrequent

4. First Half of 1800s Newspapers became more political
Helped create a cultural identity

5. First Half of 1800s The Penny Press Daily publication for 1 cent
Newsboys sold on street
Reporters hired

6. The Penny Press: Content
Sensationalism
Prostitute murder coverage in New York Herald, 1836
Article excerpt

7. The Penny Press Continued
Fabrication
The Moon Hoax

8. Second Half of 1800s Reporting during the Civil War
Censorship and limited access to battlefield
Problems with accuracy

9. Illustrations and Photos
Papers became illustrated
Although, artists were often not “on the scene” when they made their sketches

10. Illustrations and Photos
The Civil War was widely photographed
Although, there are questions as to whether photos were staged
Mathew Brady

11. Late 19th Century Journalism
Competition between newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst (The New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World)
Yellow Journalism
Sensational coverage of events
Dramatic language
Use of banner headlines
Newsies

12. Pre-Pulitzer
headline

13. Yellow Journalism (1890s)
Many claimed that Hearst’s sensational treatment sparked the Spanish-American War
True?

14. Yellow Journalism Investigative reporting
Reporters went undercover to expose social ills
Nelly Bly’s Mad House story
Blackwell Island

15. The Progressive Era (Late 19th century)
Muckraking
Investigative reporting – “raking the muck”
Term coined by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
More reliance on facts and authoritative sources
Ex: Ida Tarbell reported “The Rise of the Standard Oil Company,” criticizing John D. Rockefeller

16. The Progressive Era – Late 19th Century
Documentary Photography: also considered a muckraking medium
Jacob Riis exposed social problems: child labor, immigration, poor conditions in tenement housing

17. Jacob Riis: “Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street,” c. 1889

18. Jacob Riis: “Blind Beggar,” c. 1890

19. Early 20th Century Journalism
Emergence of the tabloids
Shocking photos and headlines
Often some fabrication of story, but the public realized there were embellishments

20. Journalism During WWII
Live radio reports
Newspaper reporters accompanied troops
War photographers
“Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima” (1945), Joe Rosenthal

21. Journalism During WWII
Buchenwald (1945), Margaret Bourke-White

22. Growth of Television
In 1941, CBS had 15 hours of weekly programming, including two 15-minute newscasts
By 1950, four networks had emerged: CBS, NBC, ABC and The Dumont Company
The Today Show, 1952

23. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s
TV Coverage of Civil Rights Movement Pictures created a sense of “immediacy” and “truth”
Charles Moore for Life magazine

24. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s
Coverage of the Vietnam War
Called a “television war” because TV news showed combat situations and wounded soldiers (see Morley Safer coverage)

25. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s
Coverage included protests, including 1970 Kent State protest, where four students were shot by the National Guard

26. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s
Adversarial (and investigative reporting)
The Pentagon Papers, 1971
Watergate,

27. Journalism Today 24-hour news sources Internet news sites
Bloggers offering commentary

28. Citizen Journalism Public, participatory
Members of the public play an active role in collecting, reporting and analyzing events
Types: mobile cameras, blogging, collaborative sites