1. All chemical reactions involve an energy change.
Chemical Energetics 1:
All chemical reactions involve an energy change.
The transfer of energy, usually heat, into or out of the reaction mixture’.
For example:
When petrol burns heat is given out.
When ammonium nitrate dissolves in water heat is taken in.

2. H Chemical Energetics 2: Pronounced ‘delta aitch’.
As chemists are lazy people instead of writing ‘energy change’ all the time they use the symbols: H
Pronounced ‘delta aitch’.
=greek letter ‘delta’ meaning change.
H=heat.
So, H means ‘heat change’.

3. Temperature Changes 1
Some reactions cause the temperature of the reaction mixture to increase.
This type of reaction is called exothermic.
Heat energy is given out by the reaction mixture hence the surroundings increase in temperature.

4. Temperature Changes 2
Some reactions cause the temperature of the reaction mixture to decrease.
This type of reaction is called endothermic.
Heat energy is taken in by the reaction mixture hence the surroundings decrease in temperature.

5. Representing Energy Changes:
The energy changes in a chemical reaction can be conveniently represented using
energy level diagrams
Energy level diagrams make it easier to decide whether a reaction is exothermic (gives out heat and gets hotter) or endothermic (takes in heat and gets cooler).
See next slide for some examples.

6. Energy Level Diagrams
This energy level diagram shows a reaction where H is positive (an endothermic reaction).
This energy level diagram shows a reaction where H is negative (an exothermic reaction).
Reactants
Products
H negative, exothermic.
energy
Reactants
Products
H positive, endothermic.
energy

7. Making and Breaking Bonds:
Making chemical bonds is always exothermic.
Breaking chemical bonds is always endothermic.
All chemical reactions involve bond ‘rearrangements’. Bonds are broken and new ones are formed.
Chemical reactions are in two stages:
Breaking bonds, an endothermic process.
Making new bonds, an exothermic process.

8. Reaction Profiles:
These are a more detailed version of the energy level diagrams previously looked at.
They show the endothermic bond breaking and the exothermic bond making stages of a reaction.
Reaction profiles can be used to do numerical calculations on the energy changes that happen in chemical reactions.
The next slide shows the energy profile for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.

9. Reaction Profile for: H2 + Cl2  2HCl energy H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)
Energy taken in to break bonds.
H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)
Energy given out when bonds are made.
H-H, Cl-Cl
energy
Reactants
Overall energy change, H
H-Cl, H-Cl
Products

10. Calculating Energy Changes:
The energy change for a reaction can be calculated using ‘bond energies’.
‘Bond energy’ is the amount of energy required to break a bond. This value is always endothermic, ie. has a positive value.
When a bond is formed the energy given out is exactly equal to, but of opposite sign, to the energy required to break the bond. Bond making is always an exothermic process. .

11. An Example Calculation:
Consider the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine:
to see the reaction profile.
H2 + Cl2  2HCl
In this reaction one H-H bond and one Cl-Cl bond is broken and two H-Cl bonds are formed.
The H-H bond energy is 436kJ/mol
The Cl-Cl bond energy is 242kJ/mol
So, the energy needed to break these bonds is = 678kJ
The H-Cl bond energy is 431kJ
So the energy given out when these bonds are
formed is 2 x -431 = -862kJ
Overall change = 678 – 862 = -184kJ, an exothermic reaction. Next slide shows the reaction profile with these values added.

12. Reaction Profile for: H2 + Cl2  2HCl energy H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)
Energy in
= +678kJ
H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)
Energy out = -862kJ
H-H, Cl-Cl
energy
Reactants
Overall energy change,
H = -184kJ
H-Cl, H-Cl
Products

13. Chemical reactions take place in two stages:
Summary
Endothermic reactions get cold, they take in heat.
Exothermic reactions get hot, they give out heat.
Bond breaking is endothermic, bond making is exothermic.
Chemical reactions take place in two stages:
An endothermic bond breaking stage.
An exothermic bond making stage.
The energy changes in a chemical reaction can be represented using energy level diagrams and reaction profile diagrams.