1. Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography
GE21001 Dynamic Human Worlds Economic Geography Lecture 5: Development, Power and Place
Dr. Susan P. Mains
Geography

2. Lecture Outline Recap of Lecture 5-globalisation:
-economic, cultural, political
Today’s Lecture:
-Defining Development
-Measuring Development
Useful Readings:
*Radcliffe, S. (2005) Rethinking Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp
Willis, K. (2005) Theories of Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp

3. Recap on Globalisation: Globalism
Rapidly increasing processes of globalisation
Images/Discourses of globalism 
Significance conceptually and for policy
e.g., how places are represented in media
e.g., why international trade coalitions are agreed—e.g., NAFTA, EU, IMF
an “inexorable” or “natural” process?
“out of control”?

4. Difficulties with discourses of globalisation
Used to attack worker organizations
A process of ensuring lower wages
Legitimizing downsizing and restructuring
Facilitating mobility of corporations 
Who makes decisions?
+ve and –tive impacts: complex 
Globalisation is uneven:
geographically, financially, socially

5. Gender, Race and Globalisation
Uneven “rights” and inclusion in political/financial processes 
Categories of work  
Limited transfer of skills
Social exclusion:   under representation of diverse social groups in managerial positions
Loss of skilled labour to wealthier countries
Sex workers, ‘free zone’/maquila workers, human trafficking
Economic dependency

6. Defining Development
A range of social, economic, political and health factors
How do we measure “political development”?
Shift from financial to more holistic measures
Cultural and political context significant
What kinds of “development” are desirable?

7. Defining Development
“Development” created in a particular political context
President Harry Truman “underdevelopment” 1948 at the beginning of the Cold War
Relational
The idea of a continuum
1st, 2nd, and 3rd World, later a 4th?
Again political context significant
US imperialism

8. Ways of Measuring ‘Development’
Population Characteristics
Check the Population Reference Bureau: DataFinder
for up-to-date statistics
Doubling Time:
the measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size
Life Expectancy:
the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

10. More Population Measurements
Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
the number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the number of live births for that same year (or infant deaths per 1,000 live births)

12. Education Indicators
Literacy rate: the percentage of the population over age 15 years able to read and write, and is often broken down by sex
Secondary School Enrolment

14. Economic Indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): a monetary measure of the value of goods and services produced within a national economy over a given period of time
Gross National Product (GNP): GDP + net income from abroad
GNI PPP per capita: the Gross National Income (with purchasing power parity) per person

16. Human Development Index
GDP and GNP are seriously deficient as measures of economic activity:
they omit whole areas of work
they perversely count as wealth creation that which may destroy the foundations of productive activity
Human Development Index: The United Nations uses a Human Development Index, which is calculated on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment and personal income.

17. Non-Demographic Indicators III
Human Development Report (UNHDP)
Links between environmental and political contexts
Links between, infrastructure, policy, education & health
Role of national and international institutions, everyday experiences, obstacles and opportunities for change
e.g., the politics of water

18. Millenium Development Goals
Time specific targets
Millennium Summit (2000)
Millennium Declaration
8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Millennium Development Goals for 2015

19. Millenium Development Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

20. Goal 2: Universal Primary Education
Enrolment in primary education in developing regions reached 90 per cent in 2010, up from 82 per cent in 1999, which means more kids than ever are attending primary school.
In 2011, 57 million children of primary school age were out of school.
Even as countries with the toughest challenges have made large strides, progress on primary school enrolment has slowed. Between 2008 and 2011, the number of out-of-school children of primary age fell by only 3 million.
Globally, 123 million youth (aged 15 to 24) lack basic reading and writing skills. 61 per cent of them are young women.
Gender gaps in youth literacy rates are also narrowing. Globally, there were 95 literate young women for every 100 young men in 2010, compared with 90 women in 1990.

21. Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Improved maternal literacy
Need for family planning services
Accurate and easily available information
Trained service providers and safe facilities
Needs of older women and adolescents important

22. Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Quality of life
Physical and social environment
Pollution, access to land, present and future generations
Politically contentious
Corruption
Who has a voice?
e.g., Jamaica Environment Trust (JET)