1. Minerals

2. What is a Mineral?
Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure usually inorganic
Pyromorphite

3. What do all minerals have in common?
Are formed by natural processes.
Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive
Have a definite volume and shape
Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup
Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL)

4. Watch “Crystals” by Brainpop…
.What element are diamonds made from?
. What do all crystals have in common?

5. Groups of Minerals
Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of.
Beryl (Emerald)
Calcite
Amethyst

6. Contain oxygen & silica
Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Silicates
Contain oxygen & silica
The most abundant group of minerals in Earth’s crust
Quartz, mica, feldspar
MICA
Quartz

7. Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust
Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Non-Silicates
Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust
Include some of the most important minerals
iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies
Silver
Copper
Diamond
Gold
Iron
Ruby

8. Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium Calcite (CaCO3)
Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Carbonates
Carbon & oxygen and a positive ion, such as calcium
Calcite (CaCO3)
Calcite with Duftite inclusions

9. Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Oxides
Metallic ion and oxygen
Hematite (Fe2)O3

10. Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Sulfides
Sulfur and a metallic ion
Galena (PbS)

11. Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen Barite (BaSO4)
Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Sulfates
Metallic ion, Sulfur & oxygen
Barite (BaSO4)
Barite BaSo4
Barite on Calcite BaSo4 / CaCO3

12. Mineral Group
Characteristics
Examples
Native Elements
Single elements
Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)

13. How do minerals form?
1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle))
Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids)
Medium Cooling = small crystals
Slow Cooling = large crystals

14. How do minerals form? From Solutions:
2) Elements dissolved in liquids (usually water)

15. How are minerals Formed?
By Metamorphism:
Temperature and pressure within Earth causes new minerals to form as bonds between atoms break and reform with different atoms.
Ex. Element carbon in rocks forms the mineral diamond.

16. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Color
Can be misleading
Can vary with the type of impurities

17. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Luster
Surface reflection
metallic = shiny like metal
non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface
Pyrite has a metallic luster
Calcite has a non-metallic luster

18. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Streak
The color of the powdered form of the mineral
The color of the streak can be different than the mineral
Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

19. Streak…can help identify quartz
BUT...

20. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Hardness
How easily a mineral scratches materials
Mohs Hardness Scale
Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)

21. Find out more… “Electronic” Hardness Test

22. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Cleavage & Fracture
The way the mineral breaks
Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape
Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

24. Cleavage or Fracture? 1. 4. 3. 2.

25. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
Other Properties
Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity)
Attraction to magnets
Bending of light
Reaction with hydrochloric acid
Smell & taste

26. Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification”
. If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail.
2. What is luster?

27. Watch Classifying Minerals Clip