1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Anatomy
Anatomy - Describes the locations, appearances, & relationships of body parts

3. Anatomy (cont'd)
Gross Anatomy - Study of body structures that are visible without the aid of a microscope
Systemic anatomy - Studies body structure within a given organ system. Ex. Skeletal system
Regional anatomy - Examines all structures within a given region of the body. Ex. Leg
Surface anatomy – Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Ex. Locating a blood vessel to draw blood.

4. Anatomy (cont'd)
Microanatomy (Microscopic anatomy)- Study of body structures that are not visible without the aid of a microscope.
Cytology – cells of the body
Histology - Study of tissues

5. Anatomy (cont'd)
Developmental Anatomy - structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan of a body.
Embryology – development before birth

6. Physiology Explains the mechanisms that operate body activities.
How does the body work?
Explained by chemical and physical principles.

7. Anatomical Position Anatomical reference point
Terms “left” and “right” refer to those sides of the person being viewed, not those of the observer.

8. Directional Terms

9. Superior
Inferior
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body
Below
The neck is inferior to the head.
Superior (Cranial)
Toward the head or upper part of body
Above
The head is superior to the neck.

10. The vertebral column extends down the posterior side of the body.
Anterior
Posterior
Posterior ( Dorsal)
Toward the back
The vertebral column extends down the posterior side of the body.
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward the front or belly side
The eyes are on the anterior side of the head.

11. Medial
Lateral
Medial
Toward the midline
The nose is medial to the ears
Lateral
Away from the midline
The ears are lateral to the nose

12. Intermediate – between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.

13. Inward from the surface of the body
Deep
Deep
Superficial
Deep (Internal)
Inward from the surface of the body
The heart lies deep to the rib cage.
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the surface of the body
The location of the skin is superficial to the muscles.

14. Away from a structure’s origin or point of attachment to the trunk
Proximal
Distal
Distal
Away from a structure’s origin or point of attachment to the trunk
The knee is distal to the thigh.
Proximal
Toward a structure’s origin or point of attachment to the trunk
The upper arm is proximal to the wrist.

15. Body Planes

16. Sagittal Plane
Extends parallel to the long axis of the body (along the body’s length)
Extends in the vertical direction
Midsagittal (median)- equal right and left sides
Parasagittal - divided unequally

17. Frontal Plane A.K.A. coronal plane Extends along the body’s long axis
Divides anterior and posterior

18. Horizontal Plane A.K.A. transverse plane A.K.A. cross section
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

19. Body Plan

20. Regional Terms Axial – main axis of body
Head, neck, trunk
Appendicular – appendages of the body

21. Body Regions Head - Face, Cranium Neck
Trunk -Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis, Back
Upper appendages
Lower appendages

22. Body Cavities
Dorsal
cranial cavity
vertebral canal

23. Body Cavities Ventral cavity
Viscera – group of internal organs within this cavity
thoracic cavity
2 pleural cavities, pericardial cavity (within mediastinum)
abdominopelvic cavity

24. Body Cavities

25. Other Body Cavities Oral and Digestive Cavities Nasal Cavity
Mouth, digestive organs
Nasal Cavity
Nose, respiratory system passageways
Orbital Cavities
Eyes
Middle Ear Cavities
Temporal bone, tiny bones that transmit sound
Synovial
Joints

26. Landmarks

27. Anterior Abdominal Acromial Antebrachial Antecubital Axillary
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Acromial
Point of shoulder
Antebrachial
forearm
Antecubital
anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary
armpit

28. Anterior (cont’d) Brachial Buccal Carpal Cervical Coxal Arm (upper)
cheek area
Carpal
wrist
Cervical
neck region
Coxal
hip

29. Anterior (cont’d) Crural Digital Femoral Inguinal leg fingers, toes
thigh
Inguinal
thigh meets body trunk; groin

30. Anterior (cont’d) Nasal Oral Orbital Patellar Peroneal (fibular) nose
mouth
Orbital
eye
Patellar
anterior knee
Peroneal (fibular)
lateral part of leg

31. Anterior (cont’d) Pubic Sternal Tarsal Thoracic Umbilical
genital region
Sternal
breastbone area
Tarsal
ankle region
Thoracic
chest
Umbilical
navel

32. Posterior Cephalic Deltoid Gluteal Lumbar Head (whole)
curve of shoulder
Gluteal
buttock
Lumbar
back between ribs and hips

33. Posterior (cont’d) Occipital Olecranal Popliteal Sacral
posterior surface of head; base of skull
Olecranal
Posterior elbow
Popliteal
posterior knee area
Sacral
Area between hips

34. Posterior (cont’d) Scapular Sural Vertebral shoulder blade region
the calf
Vertebral
area of the spine

35. Structural Levels of
Organization

36. Chemical Level

37. Cellular Level

38. Tissue Level

39. Organ Level

40. System Level

41. Complete
Organism

42. Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness or irritability
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

43. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water - 60-80% of body weight
Normal body temperature
Atmospheric Pressure

44. Homeostasis

45. Homeostasis
Dynamic equilibrium (or balance) of the internal environment.
All body systems contribute.
Nervous and endocrine are most important.
Necessary for health.

46. Elements of a Control System

47. Negative Feedback
Causes variable to change in the direction opposite to that of initial change.
Most homeostatic mechanisms are negative feedback.
Body temperature, blood glucose levels, etc.

48. Negative Feedback

49. Positive Feedback
Change occurs in the same direction as initial disturbance.
Result or response enhances or exaggerates the original activity so that the activity is accelerated.
Rarely contributes to homeostasis.
Blood clotting, labor contractions.

50. Positive Feedback

51. Homeostasis and Disease

52. Disease
Disruption of homeostasis leads to impairment of normal functions.
This is called disease.
Acute - short time
Chronic - longer duration of time

53. Classification of Disease
Congenital
arise before birth
inherited
Immunological
Involves responses by leukocytes
Invasion by bacteria, viruses, protozoan, fungi, disease

54. Classification of Disease, (cont’d)
Metabolic -
Diabetes
Endocrine diseases
Trauma - fluid loss
Neoplastic
Tumors
Cancer