1. RUSSIA
Term denoting Russian monarch-it means “Caesar”

2. Medieval background (1050 - 1300)
Personal and economic freedom for peasants increased, serfdom nearly disappeared
Hereditary serfdom took place in Poland, Prussia and Russia ( )
Hereditary subjugation – peasants were bound to their lords from one generation to the next as well as to the land
Overall the peasants had less power in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe
Serfdom increased because of political not economic reasons
Typical king was only first among equals
Westerner began to regard eastern Europe as culturally and morally inferior
Real losers were the peasants and middle class
Landlords controlled the courts (justice system)
The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg Prussia

3. Suleiman - The Magnificent
Austrian Habsburg turned inward and eastward after 30 years war
Serfdom increased, Protestantism was wiped out, and absolutism was achieved
In Bohemia the Habsburgs crushed the Protestant nobility, bringing Catholic newcomers, their land given to the soldiers and binding local peasants to them (Battle of White Mountain)
Bohemian Estates reduce in power and influence
Ferdinand III – of Austria, created a standing army, centralized and turned toward Hungary for land
Under Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman-Turks built the most powerful empire in the world, which included part of central Europe
The Turkish sultan (king) was the absolute head of the state
Siege of Vienna (1683) – Habsburg defeated the Ottoman Turks and began increasing their territory
Defeat of the Ottomans has support from protestants nobles in Hungary and Louis XIV of France

4. Ivan the Terrible –
first to take the title Tsar of Russia, executed many Muscovite boyars and their peasants. His ownership of all land, trade and industry restricted economic development.
Mongol controlled Russia- used Russian aristocrats as servants and tax collectors. (13th – 16th Century)
Ivan I served Mongols and strengthen Moscow –Mongols conquered the
Kievan state in 13th century (Golden Horde) (Tartar)
Ivan III – stopped acknowledging the Mongol khan
Prince of Moscow – the tsar
Eastern Orthodoxy rejects the authority of the pope – main difference;
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) came to power when he was only 3
Since he was so young, the nobles (known as the Boyars) wanted to take control.
Ivan took over officially when he was 16 and gave himself the name “Czar”
Had two periods: the good period and the terrible; Muscovite gained their initial power through services rendered the the Mongols
Rise of Russian monarchy was largely a response to the external threat of the Asiatic Mongols
The tsars and boyars struggled over who would rule the state, the tsar won and created a “service nobility” who held the tsar’s land on the condition that they serve in his army (tsar means Caesar-absolute ruler)
Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible – fought wars against Mongols, launched a reign of terror against boyar nobility, he murdered leading boyars and confiscated their estates (no private property.)
He monopolized mining and business activity, he assumed he owned all trade as he owned all land
Many peasants fled his rule to the newly conquered territories forming outlaw armies called Cossacks

5. Ivan – to the left looking strange and below killing his son
After Ivan’s wife died, he lost his mind and accused the boyars of poisoning her.
Made own police force that would kill people that Ivan considered traitors
Killed thousands of people including his oldest son and only competent heir

6. Rise of the Romanovs
in 1613 Michael Romanov took power and was appointed czar. The Romanovs then ruled Russia for 300 years.
“Time of Troubles” – Increased pressured on the peasants to pay for his wars led to a breakdown of the Muscovite state after Ivan IV death. Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow – onion shaped domes a striking example of powerful Byzantine influences on Russian culture
There was no heir, relatives of the tsar fought against each other
Swedish and Polish armies invaded
Cossack bands slaughter many nobles and officials
Ivan kill his son, and the “Time of Troubles” was caused by a dispute in the line of succession
Michael Romanov was elected tsar by the nobility in 1613

7. Peter the Great
Romanovs brought abut the total enserfment of the people, while the military obligations on the nobility were relaxed
The Church became dependent on the state for its authority
Peter the Great – reformed the army and forced the nobility to serve in his bureaucracy or army for life
He created a western styled army, won the Great Northern War against Sweden, made compulsory education away from home for higher classes mandatory (5years); When Peter came to power, Russia was a land of boyars and serfs
Not connected to the rest of Europe because it was geographically isolated, and differed religiously (Eastern Orthodox Christians- not Catholics or Protestants)

8. More pictures of Peter Young Pete Old Pete (he was tall)
Wanted to have a warm water port – thought trade was necessary in order to compete with the West; Main goal after his trip to the West was to “Westernize” Russia
Increased power of monarchy to make everyone comply with his ideas
Took over the Russian church
Reduced power of the great landowners and gave new land/power to the lower-class in order to make them loyal; Wanted a tight military – hired European officers to come train Russian officers
A job in the military = lifetime commitment
Heavy taxes to pay for giant army of 200,000 men
Went to Europe to learn about modern technology and industrial techniques
Did all his traveling undercover as to not attract attention

9. Westernizing Russia Introduced the potato to Russia
Started first newspaper
Allowed women to attend social gatherings
Made nobles dress more like people from Europe

10. Legacy of Peter
Fought Sweden to get a port on the Baltic Sea (a warm water port)
Named the town St. Petersburg and every year would force thousands of serfs to go to St. Petersburg and work
By time of death in 1725, Russia was a power that could compete with the rest of Europe

11. St. Petersburg
The dominant artistic style of the age of absolutism was baroque – dramatic and emotional style
St. Petersburg became one of the world’s largest and most influential city's
It had broad, straight avenues, housed built in a uniform line, parks,, canals and streetlights
Each social group was to live in a specific section,

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13. Questions?