1. Intro to Minerals

2. What is a mineral Building blocks of rocks.
AKA rocks are made out of minerals

3. Mineral Rules Naturally Occurring
Solid Substance (at normal earth temperatures)
Orderly Crystalline structure
Definite Chemical Composition
Generally considered inorganic – (exception is Calcite)

4. How do minerals Form
Atoms have a chemical reaction and bond, then crystalize through 4 major processes:
Magma, Precipitation, Pressure and temperature, and Hydrothermal

5. Magma
When the molten rock cools, the minerals crystalize. Typically iron, calcium, and magnesium crystalize first (hotter temperatures). Sodium, Potassium, and aluminum form at lower temperatures

6. Precipitation
When water evaporates (lake, ocean, etc), the minerals are sometimes left behind and combine to form minerals (Halite, calcite)
Think of mud

7. Pressure and temperature
Existing minerals get heated up and/or pressure applied making the crystals unstable and need to rearrange into tighter formations

8. Hydrothermal
Hot water ( C or F) creates a chemical reaction to form new minerals. When it cools it can make large crystals like quartz and pyrite.

9. Mineral Groups What are things that we break up into groups? Why?
There are over 4000 minerals, only about 200 common
We have to break them down into groups to handle all that
We do it based on what they are made of

10. Silicates
Most abundant because silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the crust
Always contain SiO4!!!
Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron- provides the framework
𝑴𝑮 𝟑 𝑨𝒍 𝟐 (𝑺𝒊𝑶 𝟒 ) 𝟑 Pyrope
𝑨𝒍 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝑶 𝟒 (𝑭,𝑶𝑯) 𝟑 Topaz
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4 Olivine

11. Carbonates Carbon, Oxygen, and a metal - Just look for CO together!
Ca 𝑪𝑶 𝟑 Calcite
CaMg (𝑪𝑶 𝟑 ) 𝟐 Dolomite
Mg6Fe2CO3(OH)16 SJOGRENITE
- Just look for CO together!

12. Oxides
Contain Oxygen and one or more other elements (not silicon or carbon)
𝑺𝒃 𝟐 𝑶 𝟑 Valentinite
(Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6 Columbite
𝑭𝒆 𝟐 𝑶 𝟑 Hematite
Look for O without Si, C, or S

13. Sulfates/Sulfides Contain Sulfur – Anything with just S
𝑩𝒂𝑺𝑶 𝟒 – Barite
𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶 𝟒 PbSO4 – Anglesite
(Pb, Sr)Al3PO4SO4(OH)6 - Hinsdalite

14. Halides Contain elements from group 17 on the periodic table
Fluorine F, Clorine CL, Bromine Br, Iodine I, Astatine At
CaF2 – Fluorite
NaCl – Halite

15. Native
Only made of one element
Gold Au
Iron Fe
Aluminum Al

17. What other items do we group together by what they are made of?
Exit Question
What other items do we group together by what they are made of?