1. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS (VPN)

2. Traditional Connectivity
[From Gartner Consulting]

3. What is VPN?
Virtual Private Network is a type of private network that uses public telecommunication, such as the Internet, instead of leased lines to communicate.
Became popular as more employees worked in remote locations.
Terminologies to understand how VPNs work.

4. Private Networks vs. Virtual Private Networks
Employees can access the network (Intranet) from remote locations.
Secured networks.
The Internet is used as the backbone for VPNs
Saves cost tremendously from reduction of equipment and maintenance costs.
Scalability

5. Remote Access Virtual Private Network
(From Gartner Consulting)

6. Brief Overview of How it Works
Two connections – one is made to the Internet and the second is made to the VPN.
Datagrams – contains data, destination and source information.
Firewalls – VPNs allow authorized users to pass through the firewalls.
Protocols – protocols create the VPN tunnels.

7. Four Critical Functions
Authentication – validates that the data was sent from the sender.
Access control – limiting unauthorized users from accessing the network.
Confidentiality – preventing the data to be read or copied as the data is being transported.
Data Integrity – ensuring that the data has not been altered

8. Encryption
Encryption -- is a method of “scrambling” data before transmitting it onto the Internet.
Public Key Encryption Technique
Digital signature – for authentication

9. Encrypted Inner Datagram
Tunneling
A virtual point-to-point connection
made through a public network. It transports
encapsulated datagrams.
Original Datagram
Encrypted Inner Datagram
Datagram Header Outer Datagram Data Area
Data Encapsulation [From Comer]
Two types of end points:
Remote Access
Site-to-Site

10. Four Protocols used in VPN
PPTP -- Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
L2TP -- Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
IPsec -- Internet Protocol Security
SOCKS – is not used as much as the ones above

11. VPN Encapsulation of Packets

12. Types of Implementations
What does “implementation” mean in VPNs?
3 types
Intranet – Within an organization
Extranet – Outside an organization
Remote Access – Employee to Business

13. Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Basic Architecture

14. Device Types
What it means
3 types
Hardware
Firewall
Software

15. Device Types: Hardware
Usually a VPN type of router
Pros
Highest network throughput
Plug and Play
Dual-purpose
Cons
Cost
Lack of flexibility

16. Device Types: Firewall
More security?
Pros
“Harden” Operating System
Tri-purpose
Cost-effective
Cons
Still relatively costly

17. Device Types: Software
Ideal for 2 end points not in same org.
Great when different firewalls implemented
Pros
Flexible
Low relative cost
Cons
Lack of efficiency
More labor training required
Lower productivity; higher labor costs

18. Advantages VS. Disadvantages

19. Advantages: Cost Savings
Eliminating the need for expensive long-distance leased lines
Reducing the long-distance telephone charges for remote access.
Transferring the support burden to the service providers
Operational costs
Cisco VPN Savings Calculator

20. Advantages: Scalability
Flexibility of growth
Efficiency with broadband technology

21. Disadvantages
VPNs require an in-depth understanding of public network security issues and proper deployment of precautions
Availability and performance depends on factors largely outside of their control
Immature standards
VPNs need to accommodate protocols other than IP and existing internal network technology

22. Applications: Site-to-Site VPNs
Large-scale encryption between multiple fixed sites such as remote offices and central offices
Network traffic is sent over the branch office Internet connection
This saves the company hardware and management expenses

23. Site-to-Site VPNs

24. Applications: Remote Access
Encrypted connections between mobile or remote users and their corporate networks
Remote user can make a local call to an ISP, as opposed to a long distance call to the corporate remote access server.
Ideal for a telecommuter or mobile sales people.
VPN allows mobile workers & telecommuters to take advantage of broadband connectivity i.e. DSL, Cable

25. Industries That May Use a VPN
Healthcare: enables the transferring of confidential patient information within the medical facilities & health care provider
Manufacturing: allow suppliers to view inventory & allow clients to purchase online safely
Retail: able to securely transfer sales data or customer info between stores & the headquarters
Banking/Financial: enables account information to be transferred safely within departments & branches
General Business: communication between remote employees can be securely exchanged

26. VPN Security
VPN uses encryption to provide data confidentiality. Once connected, the VPN makes use of the tunnelling mechanism to encapsulate encrypted data into a secure tunnel, with openly read headers that can cross a public network. Packets passed over a public network in this way are unreadable without proper decryption keys, thus ensuring that data is not disclosed or changed in any way during transmission. VPN can also provide a data integrity check. This is typically performed using a message digest to ensure that the data has not been tampered with during transmission.

27. By default, VPN does not provide or enforce strong user authentication
By default, VPN does not provide or enforce strong user authentication. Users can enter a simple username and password to gain access to an internal private network from home or via other insecure networks.

28. Multimedia Security Part I: Digital Watermarking
Allows users to embed some data into digital contents
When data is embedded, it is not written at header part but embedded directly into digital media itself by changing media contents data

29. How It Works

30. Types of Watermark Visible Invisible
A visible translucent image which is overlaid on the primary image
Invisible
An overlaid image which cannot be seen, but which can be detected algorithmically

31. Invisible Watermark

32. Visible Watermark

33. Visible Watermark
Logo or seal of the organization which holds the rights to the primary image, it allows the primary image to be viewed, but still marks it clearly as the property of the owning organization.
Overlay the watermark in a way which makes it difficult to remove, if the goal of indicating property rights is to be achieved.

34. Applications of Watermarking
Rights management
Contents management
Access/copy control
Authentication

35. Multimedia Security
Part II: Encryption

36. Goals Person authentication Access control Data confidentiality
Assurance that the communicating entity is the one claimed
Access control
Prevention of unauthorized use of a resource
Data confidentiality
Protection of data from unauthorized disclosure
Data integrity
Assurance that data received is as sent
Non-repudiation
Protection against denial by the parties in a communication

37. Multimedia Data
What separates multimedia data from traditional alpha numeric data?
Large in file size
May require real-time processing (especially for continuous media)
Portable and mobile applications

38. Multimedia Encryption Approach
Signal scrambling
Historical approach
Not compatible with modern multimedia compression
Fast speed but low security
Total encryption with cryptographic ciphers
Trivial solution
High security but slow speed
Selective encryption
Most popular approach today
Limited in its range of application
Integrating encryption into entropy coding
Complementary to selective encryption
Very fast computation speed

39. Various Computing Platforms : 1)HPC,
2)Cluster
3)Computing Grid

40. What is a Cluster? 
A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely thus in many respects forming a single computer.
The components of a cluster are connected to each other through fast local area networks

41. Need for a Cluster
Requirements for computing increasing fast.
 More data to process.
 compute intensive algorithms available.
Approaches to supply demand
 Qualitative: Optimized algorithms, faster processors, more memory.
 Quantitative: Cluster computing, grid computing, etc.

42. Cluster categorizations
High Availability Cluster
Load Balancing Cluster
HPC Cluster

43. Load Balancing Clusters
Multiple computers connected together to share computational workload
Logically they are multiple computers but function as single virtual computer
Request initiated from the user is distributed among all the nodes by one or more load balancer

44. HPC Clusters
HPC clusters are mainly used to increases the performance by splitting the computational task into different nodes
Mainly used in scientific computing
Popular HPC cluster implementations are nodes running with linux os and free software’s to implement the parallelism

45. The job running on the cluster nodes requires little or no inter nodes communication is called “Grid Computing”
The local Scheduling software manages the cluster nodes load balancing
Middleware such as MPI (Message Passing Interface) or PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) permits compute clustering programs to be portable to a wide variety of clusters

46. What is Grid?
Definition: Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal.
Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control
Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces
Delivers nontrivial qualities of service

47. Grid Architecture
Grid Architecture can be described as the layers of building blocks, where each layer has a specific function, to accomplish Grid Computing Infrastructure

48. Grid Applications Types : Sequential Jobs for particular platform
Concurrent Sequential Jobs for different platforms
Homogeneous Parallel job for particular OS
Heterogeneous Parallel Jobs

49. Bio Informatics applications
High Energy Physics Applications
Weather Modelling and Predicting Ocean Currents
Disaster Management
Aerodynamic Simulations

50. Cloud Computing
Cloud Overview

51. Definition:
“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet.”

52. •increase in computing power and storage capacity (multi-cores etc)
Massively scalable
•Can be encapsulated as an abstract entity that delivers different levels of service
•Driven by economies of scale
•Services can be dynamically configured (via virtualization or other approaches) and delivered on demand
•increase in computing power and storage capacity (multi-cores etc)
•Exponentially growing data size
•Widespread adoption of Services Computing and Web 2.0 apps

53. Virtualization and Cloud Computing

54. Definition
Virtualization is the ability to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware resources*
It is the process by which one computer hosts the appearance of many computers.
Virtualization is used to improve IT throughput and costs by using physical resources as a pool from which virtual resources can be allocated.

55. Virtualization Architecture
A Virtual machine (VM) is an isolated runtime environment (guest OS and applications)
Multiple virtual systems (VMs) can run on a single physical system

56. Hypervisor
A hypervisor, a.k.a. a virtual machine manager/monitor (VMM), or virtualization manager, is a program that allows multiple operating systems to share a single hardware host.
Each guest operating system appears to have the host's processor, memory, and other resources all to itself. However, the hypervisor is actually controlling the host processor and resources, allocating what is needed to each operating system in turn and making sure that the guest operating systems (called virtual machines) cannot disrupt each other.

57. Benefits of Virtualization
Sharing of resources helps cost reduction
Isolation: Virtual machines are isolated from each other as if they are physically separated
Encapsulation: Virtual machines encapsulate a complete computing environment
Hardware Independence: Virtual machines run independently of underlying hardware
Portability: Virtual machines can be migrated between different hosts.

58. Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing takes virtualization one step further:
You don’t need to own the hardware
Resources are rented as needed from a cloud
Various providers allow creating virtual servers:
Choose the OS and software each instance will have
The chosen OS will run on a large server farm
Can instantiate more virtual servers or shut down existing ones within minutes
You get billed only for what you used

59. Virtualization Security Challenges
The trusted computing base (TCB) of a virtual machine is too large.
TCB: A small amount of software and hardware that security depends on and that we distinguish from a much larger amount that can misbehave without affecting security*
Smaller TCB  more security

60. Virtualization Security Requirements
Scenario: A client uses the service of a cloud computing company to build a remote VM
A secure network interface
A secure secondary storage
A secure run-time environment
Build, save, restore, destroy

61. Virtualization Security Requirements
A secure run-time environment is the most fundamental
The first two problems already have solutions:
Network interface: Transport layer security (TLS)
Secondary storage: Network file system (NFS)
The security mechanism in the first two rely on a secure run-time environment
All the cryptographic algorithms and security protocols reside in the run-time environment

62. Roles of the Hypervisor
Isolating/Emulating resources
CPU: Scheduling virtual machines
Memory: Managing memory
I/O: Emulating I/O devices
Networking
Managing virtual machines
Push to HW /
Pre-allocation
Remove
Push to side

63. Cloud types, Cloud services types
Types of Cloud deployment
Public
Private
Hybrid
Cloud Service types
Saas
Paas
Iaas

64. Thank You.