1. The Nervous System

2. Overview Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Nervous System controls and coordinates all the functions of the body.
The Nervous System consists of two main sub-divisions:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-divisions:
Somatic- voluntary
Autonomic- involuntary

4. Structure and Function of the Neuron
Neuron is the scientific name for a Nerve Cell.
Neurons consist of 3 basic structures:
Cyton, or cell body.
Dendrites- receive messages, impulses, and send them to the cell body.
Axons- send messages away from the cell body.
Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another across synapses, or spaces in between the cells.
The “jumping across” the synapse is facilitated (helped) by chemicals called Neurotransmitters.

5. Parts of the Neuron
Dendrites – Branched parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons.
Cyton- Contains cytoplasm and the nucleus. Impulses pass through here to the axon.
Axon- Single long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body.
A Neuron

7. Myelin Sheath
signal
direction
Axon coated with insulation made of myelin cells (Fatty, protein substance)
speeds signal
330 mph vs. 11 mph
myelin coating
Multiple Sclerosis
immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating
loss of signal

8. Synapse Junction between nerve cells
1st cell releases chemical to trigger next cell
where drugs affect nervous system
synapse

9. Types of Neurons
Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send information:
･Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system.
･Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
･Interneurons: send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system.

10. Reflexes Stimulus- a change in the environment.
Response/Reaction- how the body reacts to a stimulus.
Reflex Arc- the pathway that an impulse follows to illicit a response to a stimulus.

11. Parts of the Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal cord

12. What Protects the CNS? Skull and Vertebrae
3 protective layers called meninges
Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves.
Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and weblike
Pia Mater (inner layer): contains nerves and blood vessels.
Cerebrospinal fluid
a clear watery liquid
separates the middle and inner layers
Acts as shock absorber
exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system

13. The Brain Coordinates body activities
Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons
Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and energy
Divided into three major parts-
the Cerebrum
the Cerebellum
the Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons)

14. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored
Movements are controlled
Impulses from the senses are interpreted.

15. Gray Matter vs. White Matter
Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex
White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance – inner layer of cerebrum

16. Cerebrum specialization
Regions specialized for different functions
Lobes
frontal
speech, control of emotions
temporal
smell, hearing
occipital
vision
parietal
speech, taste reading
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

17. Cerebellum
Responsible for the coordination of muscles and is the center of balance

18. Medulla
Center of heart beat, respiration, and other involuntary actions

19. Other Structures inside the Brain
Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum
Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc…
Control of pituitary for endocrine function

20. Section 35-3 Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Cerebellum
Pons
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Pineal gland
Thalamus

21. The Spinal Cord Extension of the brain stem
Bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body

22. The Peripheral Nervous System
Your brain and spinal cord are connected to the rest of your body by the peripheral nervous system. The PNS is made up of 12 pairs of nerves from your brain called cranial nerves, and 31 pairs from your spinal cord called spinal nerves. Spinal nerves are made up of bundles of sensory and motor neurons bound together by connective tissue. For this reason, a single spinal nerve can have impulses going to and from the brain at the same time. Some nerves contain only sensory neurons, and some contain only motor neurons, but most nerves contain both types of neurons.
Somatic and Autonomic Systems The peripheral nervous system has two major divisions. The somatic system controls voluntary actions. It is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles. The autonomic system controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions. These two divisions, along with the central nervous system, make up your body's nervous system.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Research Visit the Glencoe Science Web site at tx.science.glencoe.com for more information about the nervous system. Make a brochure outlining recent medical advances.

23. Peripheral Nervous System
Connects body to brain & spinal cord
12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial nerves)
31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves)
Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue
Two divisions
Somatic
Autonomic

24. Somatic Nervous System
Divisions of the PNS:
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary actions
Made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions

26. Animals rely on two systems for regulation:
Nervous System is a system of nerve cells called neurons. It consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves. Typical responses are fast and short lasting.
Endocrine System is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormone into the blood. Hormones travel to target tissues.
Typical responses are slow and long lasting.
Progesterone
Estradiol

27. Human Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands transport hormones in the blood
Duct glands are exocrine glands that use tubes to carry the secretion
(salivary, tears)

28. Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus serve to link the nervous system other glands and metabolic functions.

30. Thyroid and Parathyroid help regulate calcium metabolism
Feedback!

31. Goiter: Iodine deficiency and feedback causes the thyroid to enlarge
This people have a goiter, a condition that is easily preventable with iodized salt