1. Land use models Why do geographers study models?
Geographers use models to help them understand reality. Land use models tell us where we might expect to find different land uses like high quality housing or industry. They also help to explain the pattern of growth of a city.

2. Land use models – Concentric Model
In Britain, many towns grew rapidly in the nineteenth- and twentieth-centuries.
Why do you think that was the case?
Burgess based his studies on Chicago. He claimed that most towns and cities grow outwards from an old centre and equally in all directions.
original settlement
Edge cities tend to spring up near transportation corridors that allow people to easily commute to nearby cities or travel to faraway cities

3. Concentric Model
This inner city area is also known as the ‘Zone of Transition’ or the ‘Twilight Zone’.
inner city
suburbs

4. Urban growth
This flash animation showing settlement growth could be used as a starter or plenary activity.
Ask students to describe (and explain) the town’s growth focusing on the initial cluster of terraced housing around the factory.
Students may note the urban redevelopment, the growth of the village into a commuter settlement, the urban sprawl, the eventual location of the factories and business units nearer the edge of the town.

5. Land use models – Sector Model
Hoyt developed his model after the introduction of public transport. He claimed that land uses developed in sectors along main transport routes.

6. The rank-size rule expresses the size of a city as proportionate to another city through a ratio, or a mathematical equation

7. In central place theory, range, or the maximum distance a consumer will travel to buy a good, is proportional to the cost of obtaining the good. The level of desire or need of consumers to purchase a good determines how far they will travel to purchase it

8. The gravity model has been criticized because it appears static and cannot easily be modified to show how flow patterns evolve

9. The sizes of the rings in the concentric zone model are based on people’s demand for land that exists within and outside of the central business district

10. Hoyt’s model for the growth of cities tends to work when applied to British cities, which grew outward from a central business district along major roads and rail lines

11. Harris and Ullman came up with the multiple-nuclei model in the 1940s
Harris and Ullman came up with the multiple-nuclei model in the 1940s. At that point in time, many people within cities had begun to use cars to navigate cities more freely

12. Urban models Which of these models is the ‘Concentric Model’?
What labels are missing from the key?
List the similarities and differences between the models.

13. Learning objectives What is a land use model?
Why does land use vary within an urban area?
What are the characteristics of the Central Business District (CBD)?
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
What are the characteristics of the suburbs?
Learning objectives

14. Why does land use vary?
Land values are a major influence on land use patterns.

15. Why does land use vary?
Land values are a major influence on land use patterns, but they are not the only factor:
Land values
Space
Age
Accessibility
Wealth of the inhabitants
Planning policies

16. Simple transect across a city
CBD
inner city
inner city
suburbs
suburbs

17. Learning objectives What is a land use model?
Why does land use vary within an urban area?
What are the characteristics of the Central Business District (CBD)?
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
What are the characteristics of the suburbs?
Learning objectives

18. The simplest form of the gravity model assumes that the interaction between two towns is proportionate to the product of their populations divided by the square of the distance between them

19. The Central Business District (CBD)
What do you expect to find in a CBD?
Study the following slide.
Write down the characteristics of a CBD.

20. The Central Business District (CBD)

21. The Central Business District (CBD)
CBD Characteristics
Concentration of shops and offices
High price of land
Buildings are tall with multiple uses.
Often the zone with the oldest buildings
Concentration of traffic and pedestrians
Little residential land use
Nodal point for transport routes
CBD is constantly changing.

22. Suburban downtowns are nuclei independent of the central business district and have the power to draw residents that live throughout the greater metropolitan area

23. Cities want to motivate employers to create service jobs to replace industrial and manufacturing jobs that have moved to suburban or rural areas

24. Characteristics of the CBD

25. Learning objectives What is a land use model?
Why does land use vary within an urban area?
What are the characteristics of the Central Business District (CBD)?
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
What are the characteristics of the suburbs?
Learning objectives

26. Inner city Describe these typical inner city scenes.
Why is the inner city also called the ‘Zone of Transition’?
The inner city includes a variety of land uses. Originally it used to be an area of nineteenth-century terraced housing for factory workers. Some of this housing has been now replaced with high rise flats.

27. Inner city

28. Inner city housing
Why do you think the housing was built in this way?

29. Learning objectives What is a land use model?
Why does land use vary within an urban area?
What are the characteristics of the Central Business District (CBD)?
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
What are the characteristics of the suburbs?
Learning objectives

30. The suburbs
The suburbs grew most rapidly in the UK with the growth of the rail network. This allowed people easier access to the city centre for work and recreation.
The suburbs contain a mixture of housing which tends to be more spacious and modern than the housing found in the inner city. We can divide the suburbs into inner and outer suburbs.
inner suburbs – ‘inter-war’ housing ( )
outer suburbs – post-war housing and council housing estates

31. The suburbs
Why do you think people moved to the suburbs from the inner city? Such movement is called ‘suburbanisation’.

32. Housing in the suburbs Describe the pattern of housing in the suburbs.
How does it differ to traditional inner city housing areas?

33. Inner city or the suburbs?

34. Urban zones

35. Urban zones

36. houses with large gardens?
In which urban zone/s are you likely to find…
a shop open at 2am?
the highest buildings?
cul-de-sacs?
a castle?
a museum?
the cathedral?
an old warehouse?
houses with large gardens?
a department store?
a small corner shop?
golf courses?

37. Urban land use – what do you know?

38. Job sprawl typically involves the migration of jobs into areas within city limits and less than 15 miles from downtown

39. For demographers to measure migration as changing a population, the migration must be permanent or long lasting

40. Key ideas!
Land use models tell us where we might expect to find different land uses and help to explain the pattern of growth of a city.
Burgess noted that urban areas grow outwards from an old centre in the concentric model. Hoyt said that growth occurred along transport routes in his sector model.
Several factors influence land use patterns, especially land values.
In the CBD there are shops, offices and entertainments.
In the inner city there is nineteenth-century terraced housing and industry, warehousing and high-rise flats.
In the suburbs there is modern/high class housing, new industrial estates/science and business parks, and shopping.

41. Criticisms
The model is too simple and limited in historical and cultural applications
The model was developed for a specific era in the US
American cities were growing very fast in demographic terms
when individual transportation was still uncommon.
This concept cannot be applied in a contemporary context where highways have enabled urban development to escape the reconversion process and settle in the suburbs.
The model was developed for American cities and has limited applicability elsewhere.
The concentric model assumed a spatial separation of place of work and place of residence, which was not true until the twentieth century.

42. As industrial jobs have left American cities, many working-class neighborhoods have become ghettos

43. Central Place Functions Categories of like services found in a central place
Grocery Stores
Gas Stations
Jewelry Stores
Book Stores
Hair Stylists
Auto Dealerships
Houses of Worship
Schools
Doctors
Dentists
Museums
Concert Halls
To find out how the layers of central places evolve, we need to look at the settlements and what they are providing. Examples of the types of goods and services provided in a central place.

44. Public housing is typically offered by local, state, and federal government agencies

45. Housing in edge cities is typically private and designed so that a person feels as if he or she is in a well-tended yet lush semirural landscape

46. Each central place function has a:
Threshold: the minimum number of people needed to support a central place function
With fewer customers a store cannot afford to stay in business.
Range: the maximum distance beyond which a person will not travel to purchase a good or service
Beyond a certain distance people cannot afford the travel costs.
Christaller’s definition of Range of a Good: “the farthest distance the dispersed population is willing to go in order to buy a good offered at a place – a central place.” (Bastian, p. 22)

47. A road network is the most flexible transportation system, as it easily allows people to build and expand on existing routes

48. Bangkok – Example of a Primate City
Primate Cities Geography 6/111/2002
Bangkok – Example of a Primate City
Urban Primacy - where the largest city is a many times larger than the second city.
A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (5.9 million) and Thailand's second city, Nakhon Ratchasima (278,000).
What are the Pull factors that encourage people to move to a primate city?
In groups, discuss and write answers around a circle
Why do people travel to a big city, even though it’s dirty and congested? Draw a city in a circle and the pull factors around the outside. Use London, Norwich or Bangkok as an example.
Possible answers:
centre of government, media
financial, economic centres
Often they are ports - legacy from world sea trade.
Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city to explain the phenomenon of huge cities that capture such a large proportion of a country's population as well as its economic activity. An excellent example of a primate city is London, which truly represents and serves as the focus of England. They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point. Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor.

49. Factors Encouraging Primacy
Primate Cities Geography 6/111/2002
Factors Encouraging Primacy
Favourable initial advantages for site
Advantages maintained and enhanced
Magnetic attraction for businesses, services and people (cumulative effect)
Disproportionate growth increases attractiveness
Has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources.
TASK: Students work in groups. What are the pros and cons of living in a Primate City - discuss in groups.

50. Cities develop emergency transit plans that assist urban residents in evacuating areas of the city that have been affected by a natural disaster