1. Week Six: Organizations, Socialization and Motivation
PIA 2000
Week Six: Organizations, Socialization and Motivation

2. What constitutes an organization?

3. Characteristics of an organization
More than 1 person
Has a systematic structure
Is managed
Has a particular objective
Has distinct boundaries
Delegation of tasks

4. What are the different kinds of organizations?

5. Businesses
Government
NGOs
IOs
Community associations
Institutions
Partnerships
Cooperatives
Universities

6. What is particular about the public sector?

7. Dispersed power and fragmented authority
There’s a double bottom-line
Competing conceptions of the role of government and its priorities
Indirect feedbacks
Ambiguous goals
Political constraints

8. Take away points
Public administration is an organizational process that is distinct from other organizational processes.
Organizations are
Complex
Ubiquitous
Necessary
“It’s not rocket science” – Dr. Dunn

9. Organizations as a human machine
Prior to 1890s –
Total disorganization and confusion
Instability
Efficiency and rationality
Business sector
Frederick Taylor - Scientific Management
Public Administration
Weber – legal rational model

10. Humans are not machines…
Human relations theory
Hawthorne experiments (1927 – 1932)
The “Hawthorne Effect”
When people know they are part of an experiment, this affects the results
Human resources theory
Maximization of human resources
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943 – 1954)

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

12. Organizations as systems
Interdependent features - If you change one thing, you change everything
Equilibrium (homeostasis) - Self-regulation and feedbacks
Natural systems - The internal environment
Open systems - The external environment
Formal Vs. Informal organization – a necessary distinction

13. Chester Barnard, The Functions of the Executive, 1938
Cooperative systems
Inducements-Contributions Theory
Functions of the executive

14. Structure Vs. Adaptation
Complex Adaptive Systems
Organizational Learning
Double loop/ single loop
Climate Vs Culture

15. Culture Schiavo-Campo, MacPherson definition of culture:
“…totality of shared behavior patterns, arts, beliefs and institutions based in generations of shared experiences and values.”
Three levels of culture – Edgar Schein
Artifacts
Espoused values
Assumptions
Kinds of culture: National, Political, Organizational, Administrative (combination of all of the above?)

16. Determinants of org culture
Shared values and experiences
Internal and external environments
Leadership

17. Symbolic Management Theory
Draws on human relations theory
The creation of organization-specific cultural norms allows for more effective decentralization and less overseeing.
Goal congruence strategy

18. Cultural homogeneity Vs. Diversity
Strong culture with shared understandings
Benefits of diversity

19. Summarizing the practical side-
Human relations:
The well-being of human beings matters
Human Resources:
A sense of meaning and purpose matters when maximizing on an individual’s skills
Systems Theory:
Organizations exist within a complex interdependent web
Org Culture:
Aligning values with the objectives of the organization is also important.
The creation of specific norms to further the goals of the organization