1. Chapter 19 Food Resources: A Challenge For Agriculture

2. Overview of Chapter 19 Food and Nutrition World Food Problems
Principle Types of Agriculture
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
Environmental Impact of Agriculture
Solutions to Agricultural Problems
Fisheries of the World

3. Food and Nutrition Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Vitamins and Minerals
Sugars and starches metabolized by cellular respiration to produce energy
Proteins
Large, complex molecules composed of amino acids that perform critical roles in body
Lipids
Include fats and oils and are metabolized by cellular respiration to produce energy
Vitamins and Minerals

4. Human Foods

5. World Food Problems Feeding a growing population is difficult
Annual grain production (left) has increased since 1970
Grain per person has not (right)

6. World Food Problems Famine
Failure of crops caused by drought, flood or catastrophic event
Temporary but severe shortage of food
Maintaining World Grain Carryover Stockpiles
Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other grains remaining from previous harvest
Provides measure of food security
Decreased each year since 1987
UN feels carryover stock should not fall below 70 days

7. World Grain Carryover Stock
Why the decline?
Rising temperatures
Falling water tables and droughts
Ethanol production
More grain is going towards feeding livestock

8. World Food Problems Poverty and Food Economics and Politics
1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot afford proper nutrition
More common in
Rural than urban areas
Infants, children and the elderly
Economics and Politics
Cost money to store, produce, transport and distribute food
Getting food to those who need it is political

9. Principle Types of Agriculture
Industrialized agriculture
Modern agriculture methods require large capital input, less land and less labor

10. Principle Types of Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Traditional agricultural methods, which are dependent on labor and large amounts of land
Examples:
Shifting cultivation
Slash and burn agriculture
Nomadic herding
Intercropping

11. Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock
Domestication and Genetic Diversity
Domestication of crops and livestock causes a loss of genetic diversity
Farmer selects and propagates animals with desirable agricultural characteristics
Many high yielding crops are genetically uniform
High likelihood that bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. will attack and destroy entire crop

12. Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock
Increasing Crop Yield
Food production increased in developed countries (wheat)
Pesticides
Selective breeding

13. Case-In-Point Green Revolution
High Yielding Rice Varieties

14. Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock
Increasing Livestock Yields
Hormone supplements
US and Canada do this
Europe does not citing human health concerns
Antibiotics
40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in livestock operations
Problems with increased bacteria resistance

15. Antibiotic Use and Resistance

16. Genetic Engineering
Manipulation of genes by taking a specific gene from a cell of one species and placing it into the cell of an unrelated species

17. Issue with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Determined to be safe for human consumption
Concerns about GMO seed or pollen spreading in wild
Backlash against GMOs
GMOs are not currently labeled
FDA finds it would be counterproductive and expensive to label

18. Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
High use of fossil fuels and pesticides
Air pollution
Untreated animal wastes and agricultural chemicals
Water pollution
Harms fisheries
Insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms developing resistance to pesticides
Contaminate food supply

19. Environmental Impact of Agriculture
Land degradation
Decreases future ability of land to support crops or livestock
Habitat fragmentation
Breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches
Cultivating marginal lands
Irrigating dry land
Cultivating land prone to erosion

20. Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable Agriculture

21. Sustainable Agriculture
Examples:
Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of pesticides
Crop selection
Crop rotation and conservation tillage
Supplying nitrogen with legumes
Organic agriculture
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Limited use of pesticides with sustainable agriculture practices

22. Fisheries of the World- Problems
No nation lays claim to open ocean
Resource susceptible to overuse and degradation
Overharvesting
Many species are at point of severe depletion
Cod (right)
62% of world’s fish stock are in need of management action

23. Fisheries of the World- Problems
Overharvesting (continued)
Sophisticated fishing equipment
Bycatch killed off
Magnuson Fisheries Conservation Act

24. Fisheries of the World- Problems
Ocean Pollution - dumping ground
Oil
Heavy metals
Deliberate litter dumping
Stormwater runoff from cities and agricultural areas
Aquaculture
Growing of aquatic organisms for human consumption
Great potential to supply food

25. Fisheries of the World- Problems
Aquaculture (continued)
Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitats
Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water